In the following reaction, Ni2+ is acting as a lewis acid.
What is lewis acid?A Lewis acid is a chemical species with an empty orbital that may accept an electron pair from a Lewis base to produce a Lewis adduct. A Lewis acid is thus any chemical that can receive a pair of nonbonding electrons, such as the H+ ion. In other words, a Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor. A Lewis base is any chemical that may give a pair of nonbonding electrons, such as the OH- ion. Accepting electrons is possible for an atom, ion, or molecule with an incomplete octet of electrons. Boron trifluoride (BF3) and aluminum fluoride are two examples (AlF3).
Here,
Ni2+ acts as a Lewis acid in the following process.
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Gelatin is a solid that can strengthen protein networks. How would yogurt that contains gelatin be different from yogurt that does not contain gelatin? Explain your answer.
Ice cream that contains gelatin will have a thicker consistency than on that does not contain gelatin.
What is gelatin?Gelatin is a proteoglycan which is made from boiling tendons.
Gelatin is used as a thickening agent.
Therefore Ice cream that contains gelatin will have a thicker consistency than on that does not contain gelatin.
In conclusion, gelatin is used to thicken foods.
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If I have 4.5 liters of gas at a temperature of 33 0C and a pressure of 6.54 atm, what will be the pressure of the gas if I raise the temperature to 94 0C and decrease the volume to 2.3 liters?
This is an exercise in the general or combined gas law.
To start solving this exercise, we must obtain the following data:
Data:V₁ = 4.5 lT₁ = 33 °C + 273 = 306 kP₁ = 6.54 atmT₂ = 94 °C + 273 = 367 kV₂ = 2.3 lP₂ = ¿?We use the following formula:
P₁V₁T₂ = P₂V₂T₁ ⇒ General FormulaWhere
P₁ = Initial pressureV₁ = Initial volumeT₂ = Initial temperatureP₂ = Final pressureV₂ = Final volumeT₁ = Initial temperatureWe clear the general formula for the final pressure.
[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{P_{1}V_{1}T_{2} }{V_{2}T_{1}} \ \to \ Clear \ formula \end{gathered}$}[/tex]
We solve by substituting our data in the formula:
[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{(6.54 \ atm)(4.5 \not{l})(367 \not{K}) }{(2.3 \not{l})(306 \not{k})} \end{gathered}$}[/tex]
[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{10800.81}{ 703.8 } \ atm \end{gathered}$}[/tex]
[tex]\boxed{\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=15.346 \ atm \end{gathered}$} }[/tex]
If I raise the temperature to 94°C and decrease the volume to 2.3 liters, the pressure of the gas will be 15,346 atm.
Answer:
15.35 atm
Explanation:
Combined Gas Law
[tex]\sf \dfrac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2V_2}{T_2}[/tex]
Temperature must be in kelvins (K).
To convert Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15.
Volume can be in any unit.
Given values:
P₁ = 6.54 atmV₁ = 4.5 LT₁ = 33 °C = 33 + 273.15 = 306.15 KP₂ = V₂ = 2.3 LT₂ = 94 °C = 94 + 273.15 = 367.15 KRearrange the equation to isolate P₂:
[tex]\sf \implies P_2=\dfrac{P_1V_1T_2}{V_2T_1}[/tex]
Substitute the given values into the equation:
[tex]\sf \implies P_2=\dfrac{6.54 \cdot 4.5 \cdot 367.15}{2.3 \cdot 306.15}[/tex]
[tex]\sf \implies P_2=15.34516967[/tex]
Therefore, the pressure of the gas will be 15.35 atm (2 d.p.).
What is the numerical value for Q for this reaction? Remember to always express your answer to correct number of significant figures.
The reaction is not at equilibrium because Q >P hence the reaction moves towards the left hand side.
What is the equilibrium constant?The equilibrium constant is a figure that tells us the extent to which the reactants have been converted to products in a reaction.
Now we have the reaction; PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g) hence we can write;
Q = [PCl5]/[PCl3] [Cl2]
Q = 0.39/0.21 * 0.41
Q = 4.5
The reaction is not at equilibrium because Q >P hence the reaction moves towards the left hand side.
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The pressure in car tires is often measured in pounds per square inch ( lb/in.2 ), with the recommended pressure being in the range of 25 to 45 lb/in.2 . Suppose a tire has a pressure of 32.5 lb/in.2 . Convert 32.5 lb/in.2 to its equivalent in atmospheres.
Express the pressure numerically in atmospheres.
when we convert 32.5 lb/in² to atmosphere, the result obtained is 2.21 atm
Conversion scale14.6959 lb/in² = 1 atm
Data obtained from the questionPressure (in lb/in²) = 32.5 lb/in²Pressure (in ATM) =?How to convert 32.5 lb/in² to atm14.6959 lb/in² = 1 atm
Therefore
32.5 lb/in² = 32.5 / 14.6959
32.5 lb/in² = 2.21 atm
Thus, 32.5 lb/in² is equivalent to 2.21 atm
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Which of the following was an incentive for profit to settle the Mississippi Valley region?
Availability of fish and furs
Abundance of Native Americans to convert to Catholicism
Mildness of the temperature of the region
Excitement of the wilderness
The correct option is (a) Availability of fish and furs. An incentive for profit to settle the Mississippi Valley region
Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and South Dakota are among the 13 states that are either entirely or partially included in the division of Mississippi Valley region
The canoe was the first ferry to travel on the Mississippi River. Long before the white settlers ventured as far west as the Mississippi, it provided the Indians with a means of crossing. It is also one of the most significant commercial waterways in the world and a key fish and bird migration route in North America. Native Americans used the river for transportation and food while they lived along its banks.
Therefore, The correct option is (a) Availability of fish and furs. An incentive for profit to settle the Mississippi Valley region.
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4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H20 if 32.5 grams of NH3 react with enough oxygen, how many grams of water should form?
51.3 gram of water should form if 32.5 g of NH₃ react with enough oxygen.
How to find the Number of moles ?To calculate the number of moles use the formula
Number of moles = [tex]\frac{\text{Given Mass}}{\text{Molar Mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{32.5}{17}[/tex]
= 1.9 mol
4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O
4 mol of NH₃ react with oxygen to given 6 mole of water.
So 1.9 mol of NH₃ produces = [tex]\frac{1.9}{4}\times 6[/tex]
= 2.85 mol of water
Mass of water = Molar Mass of water × Number of moles of water
= 18 × 2.85
= 51.3 gram
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 51.3 gram of water should form if 32.5 g of NH₃ react with enough oxygen.
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Which scenario would be classified as a conceptual model?
A. A student thinks of bouncing balls as representing gas molecules.
B. Marshmallows and toothpicks are used to show the composition
of a water molecule.
C. A map and a map scale are used to represent a larger area of land.
D. A weather map shows different temperatures over most of the
United States.
The correct answer is A. A student thinks of bouncing balls as representing gas molecules.
What is molecules?When one effectiveness liquefies into another, a resolution is formed. A solution is a homogenous mixture consisting of a solute liquefied into a solvent. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium.
Solutions can be formed with numerous different varieties and forms of solutes and solvents. In this department, we will focus on a solution where the solvent is water. An aqueous solution is moisture that contains one or more additional dissolved essence. The dissolved importance in an aqueous resolution may be solids, gases, or different liquids.In directive to be a true explanation, a variety must be stable. When sugar is fully dissolved into water, it can stand for an indefinite quantity of time, and the sugar will not recompense out of the solution. Further, if the sugar-water solution is passed through a filter, it will remain with the water. This is because the liquefied particles in a solution are very small, usually smaller than 1nm in diameter. Solute particles can be particles, ions, or molecules, counting on the classification of nature that has been dissolved.To learn more about molecules, refer to:
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How are microfauna measured?
In centimeters
In millimeters
In nanometers
Any of the above
Microfauna are measured in all of the above units and is denoted as option D.
What is Microfauna?These are referred to as microscopic animals which lack mitochondrion and exists in the soil etc. The nematodes and protozoa are mostly common organisms among them.
Microfauna can be seen with the use of microscope and can be measured in centimeters, millimeters etc based on the size of their body structure.
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A 1.00-mole sample of dry ice (solid CO₂) is placed in a flexible, sealed container and allowed to sublime. After complete sublimation, what will be the
container volume, in liters, at 26°C and 0.983 atm pressure?
Container volume, 26°C, and 0.983 atm pressure is =24.9 liters.
What is a Moles?A mole is defined as the quantity of a material that includes precisely 6.02214076 X 1023 of the substance's elementary entities.A substance is said to have a mole with a mass equal to 12.000 g of 12C and the same number of basic units as atoms.The mole can be used to calculate the quantities involved in chemical processes and identify the simplest formula of a compound. The molarity notion, which is related, helps discuss reactions in solutions. The number of moles of a solute in a liter of solution is known as molarity (M).Quantities that cannot be quantified using units like grams or milligrams are referred to as moles. A mole thus counts the quantity of atoms, ions, or molecules.Container volume, in liters, at 26°C and 0.983 atm pressure:
Given=1.00
V=?
PV=nRT
T=26°C+273.15
=299.15K
R=0.08201Lamt/k
P=0.983atm
V=nRT/p
[tex]V=\frac{1.00 mole(0.08201Lamt/k)299.15K}{0.983atm}[/tex]
V=24.9 liters
Container volume, 26°C, and 0.983 atm pressure is =24.9 liters.
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The Volume in the container is 25L .
What is Ideal Gas?
Ideal gas is hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy negligible space and have no interaction, and which consequently obeys the gas laws exactly.
We have given
Pressure=0.983atm
moles=16
Temperature= 26°C
T →273+26=299K
Volume = ?
PV = nRT
V= 1×0.0821×299/0.983
By solving this equation we get
V= 24.9L≈25L
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(A) O ( B) La (C) Rb (D) Mg (E) N
1. What is the most electronegative element of the above?
2. Which element exhibits the greatest number of different oxidation states?
3. Which of the elements above has the smallest ionic radius for its most commonly found ion?
1. The most electronegative element is O (a)
2. The element that exhibits Greatest number of oxidation states is N (e)
3. The Smallest ionic radius for its most common ion is found for Mg (d)
1. Electronegativity is tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons. Across a period, it increases from left to right while in a group, it decreases as we move down. The most electronegative elements are found in the top right of the periodic table because of the increase in effective nuclear charges. Hence, O is most electronegative element.
2. Oxidation state is the total number of electrons that an atom can either gain or loss to form a chemical bond. N exhibits a wide range of oxidation states from -3 to +5 because of half filled p orbital which is more stable.
3. Ionic radius is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. [tex]Mg^{2+}[/tex] has higher number of protons that will attract the negatively charged valence electrons to a greater extent hence shortening the distance.
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A student measures the length of an object to be 152 cm. What is the measurement in km?
Answer: 0.00152 km
Explanation:
What is oxidized in the reaction below?
H₂ + Cl₂
2HCI
Answer:
Dihydrogen
Explanation:
Dihydrogen is FORMALLY oxidized.... i.e. its oxidation number increases... And we adds the half equations together such that the electrons are eliminated
Activity
In this activity, you will examine the difference between opinions, facts, theories, and laws. To do so, examine the table
below. Carefully read each example in the table before answering the questions thatfollow.
Opinions are differ from facts as that we cannot change the facts but opinions can be changed as in first example it is given anthracite is better than bituminous coal may be there is another coal which is more better than anthracite. So here opinion is changed.
What is Coal ?It is a black or brownish black sedimentary rock. It contains Sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon etc. It is always preferred as fuel. Coal was formed millions years ago when plant decay in the soil. It is obtained from dead vegetation. It is obtained from dead plants matter decay into peat and then it is converted into the coal by the process of heat.
What is Solar System ?Solar System is made up of all the planets that revolve around our Sun. Solar System contains eight planets. These planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Opinions are differ from facts as that we cannot change the facts but opinions can be changed as in first example it is given anthracite is better than bituminous coal may be there is another coal which is more better than anthracite. So here opinion is changed.
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A student measures the length of an object to be 152 cm. What is the measurement in km?
Answer:
0.00152 km
Explanation:
The easiest way to complete the conversion is by (1) converting cm to m and then (2) converting m to km. It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.
1,000 m = 1 km
100 cm = 1 m
152 cm 1 m 1 km
------------- x -------------- x ---------------- = 0.00152 km
100 cm 1,000 m
[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf So \to \ \ 152\not{cm}*\frac{1 \ km}{100,000\not{cm}}=0.00152 \ km \end{gathered}$}[/tex]
Answer:Therefore, the measurement of the object in km is: 0.00152 Kilometers.
I hope my answer is useful to you
Write the balanced molecular equation for the aqueous reaction of hydroiodic acid (HI) and zinc metal.
The balanced chemical equation is for the aqueous reaction of hydroiodic acid (HI) and zinc metal is Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂.
What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.
Now write the balanced chemical equation
Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂
Here Zn is a reducing agent, HI is an oxidizing agent.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The balanced chemical equation is for the aqueous reaction of hydroiodic acid (HI) and zinc metal is Zn + 2HI → ZnI₂ + H₂.
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a saline solution begins to freeze at -1.13 degrees. Express the concentration of NaCl in this solution in mass%. Kf for water is 1.86C degree/m.
The Percentage mass of NaCl is 1.78%.
What is the percent mass concentration of the NaCl in saline solution.The percent mass concentration of NaCl in the saline solution is determined from the molality of the solution.
The molality of the solution is further obtained from the freezing point depression formula.
The freezing point depression formula is given as follows:
ΔT = Kf * m * iwhere;
ΔT is the freezing point changeKf is a constantm is the molality of the solutioni is the van't Hoff factorFor the solution of NaCl;
ΔT = 0 - (-1.13) = 1.13
Kf = 1.86 °/m
i = 2
m = ΔT/(Kf * i)
m = 1.13/(1.86 * 2)
m = 0.3038 mol/kg
molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
Mass of NaCl = 0.3038 * 58.5 = 17.8 g in
Percentage mass of NaCl = (17.8/1000) * 100
Percentage mass of NaCl = 1.78%
In conclusion, the percent mass of NaCl is obtained from the molality of the solution.
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convert ethene to propanamine
STEP 1: ON TREATING CHLOROETHANE WITH KCN WE GET PROPANE - NITRILE . STEP 2: ON TREATING PROPANE - NITRILE WITH LiAlH4 WE GET PROPANAMINE.
C₃H₈ (g) + 5O₂ (g) --> 3CO₂ (g) + 4H₂O (l) would be best classified as which type of reaction?
precipitation
acid-base
combustion
single displacement
What is the mole fraction of sulfuric acid in a solution made by adding 34 g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4 = 98 g/mol) to 100 g of water (H2O = 18 g/mol)?
Answer:
Mole Fraction = 0.059
Explanation:
To find the mole fraction, you need to (1) convert grams H₂SO₄ and H₂O to moles (via molar mass) and then (2) calculate the mole fraction.
(Step 1)
Molar Mass (H₂SO₄): 98 g/mol
34 grams H₂SO₄ 1 mole
-------------------------- x ------------------- = 0.347 moles H₂SO₄
98 grams
Molar Mass (H₂O): 18 g/mol
100 grams H₂O 1 mole
------------------------- x -------------------- = 5.56 moles H₂O
18 grams
(Step 2)
moles solute
Mole Fraction = -------------------------------------------------
moles solute + moles solvent
0.347 moles H₂SO₄
Mole Fraction = -----------------------------------------------------------
0.347 moles H₂SO₄ + 5.56 moles H₂O
Mole Fraction = 0.059
when a candle burns what changes are observed?
Answer:
it's state changes from solid to liquid
15) The average human is ~60% water, which translates to ~44.3 kg of water. If you eat a Reece's peanut butter cup (105 Calories or 4.39 x 105J), how many degrees Celsius (°C) should the 44.3kg of water rise. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g.°C. A) 2.37 x 103°C B) 5.66 x 104°C C) 41.5°C D) 2.37°C E) 0.566°C 4.39x1055 0.043 y 4.18488.0
Answer: D) 2.37°C
Explanation:
[tex]4.39x10^5J(\frac{g°C}{4.184J} )(\frac{kg}{1000g})(\frac{1}{44.3kg} )[/tex] [tex]=2.37°C[/tex]
PLEASE HELP!!!
A sample of nitrogen at 20.0 °C has a volume of 588 mL at a pressure of 924 mmHg. To change the volume to 1008 mL, what must be the new pressure?
Answer:
539 mmHg
Explanation:
Using Boyle's Law,
(588)(924)=(1008)(pressure)
So, the pressure is 539 mmHg.
1. Based on the observed performance of the air bag models and the amounts of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid (vinegar) needed for an automotive air bag of 80 or 160 L, are these reactants a good substitute for sodium azide? One additional note regarding sodium azide: the rate of inflation after a triggering impact is 40 milliseconds (0.04 s).
Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid are not good substitute for sodium azide in airbags since the require more mass and produce less gas.
Which is the better chemical for an airbag?The chemical equation for the production of nitrogen gas from sodium azide is given below:
NaN₃ → 2 Na + 3 N₂1 mole or 66 go of sodium azide produces 3 moles or 67.2 L of nitrogen gas.
The equation for the production of carbon dioxide from sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid is given below:
Na₂CO₃ + CH₃COOH → CH₃COONa + CO₂ + H₂O1 mole, 106 g of Na₂CO₃ and 1 mole, 82 g of CH₃COOH are required to produce 1 mole or 22.4 L of CO₂.
The mass of sodium azide required is less than that of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid required. Also, sodium azide produces a greater volume of gas. Therefore, sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid are not good substitute for sodium azide in airbags.
In conclusion, sodium azide is a better choice in airbags.
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Do the following statement describe physical or chemical property.
Uranium is a radioactive element
The fact that uranium is a radioactive element is a chemical property. Details about radioactivity can be found below.
What is radioactivity?Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation as a result of a nuclear reaction.
Radioactivity, which is the emission of particles from an unstable nucleus, is a chemical property.
Therefore, it can be said that the fact that uranium is a radioactive element is a chemical property.
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How to convert butanoic acid to propanamide?
Butanoic acid is converted to propanamide by first converting it to propanoic acid, then ammonium propanoate and then finally propanamide by heating.
How are carboxylic acids converted to amides?Carboxylic acids are converted to amides by converting them into into an ammonium salt which then produces an amide on heating.
The ammonium salt is prepared by adding ammonium carbonate to an excess of the acid. The ammonium salt is then heated to give the amide
Therefore, butanoic acid is converted to propanamide by first converting it to propanoic acid, then ammonium propanoate and then finally propanamide by heating.
In conclusion, carboxylic acids are converted to amides in two steps.
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URGENT
The graph shows the distribution of energy in the particles of two gas samples at different temperatures, T1 and T2. A, B, and C represent individual particles.
Based on the graph, which of the following statements is likely to be true?
Particle B is more likely to participate in the reaction than particle A.
Particle C is more likely to participate in the reaction than particle B.
Most of the gas particles have either very high or very low kinetic energies.
More gas particles participate in the reaction at T2 than at T1.
Answer:
particle C is more likely to participate in the reaction than particle B
How would I write these in formula form?
The formula form of the chemical reactions are given as follows:
N₂ + 3 H₂ --> 2 NH₃2 AlBr₃ + 3 Cl₂ ---> 2 AlCl₃ + 3 Br₂HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H₂OFe + PbSO₄ ---> FeSO₄ + Pb2 KClO₃ ---> 2 KCl + 3 O₂H₂SO₄ ---> SO₃ + H₂O2 Na₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(NO₃)₂ ---> 6 NaNO₃ + Ca₃(PO₄)₂(NH₄)₂CO₃ + MgSO₄ ---> (NH₄)₂SO₄ + MgCO₃2 N₂ + 5 O₂ ----> 2 N₂O₅What is a chemical equation?A chemical equation is an equation which uses the symbols of elements to show the reaction that occur between substances to form products.
The formula form of the chemical reactions are given as follows:
N₂ + 3 H₂ --> 2 NH₃2 AlBr₃ + 3 Cl₂ ---> 2 AlCl₃ + 3 Br₂HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H₂OFe + PbSO₄ ---> FeSO₄ + Pb2 KClO₃ ---> 2 KCl + 3 O₂H₂SO₄ ---> SO₃ + H₂O2 Na₃PO₄ + 3 Ca(NO₃)₂ ---> 6 NaNO₃ + Ca₃(PO₄)₂(NH₄)₂CO₃ + MgSO₄ ---> (NH₄)₂SO₄ + MgCO₃2 N₂ + 5 O₂ ----> 2 N₂O₅In conclusion, the chemical reactions are represented by the equations.
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If 48.0 g of iodine are reacted with an excess of phosphorus according to the following chemical equation:
2 P(s) + 3 I2(s) → 2 PI3(s)
Calculate the theoretical yield of PI3.
If the actual yield of PI3 is 50.0 g, what is the percentage yield?
Answer:
Theoretical Yield = 51.9 grams PI₃
Percentage Yield = 96.3% PI₃
Explanation:
To find the theoretical and percent yield of PI₃, you need to (1) convert grams I₂ to moles I₂ (via molar mass), then (2) convert moles I₂ to moles PI₃ (via mole-to-mole ratio from reaction coefficients), then (3) convert moles PI₃ to grams PI₃ (via molar mass), and then (4) calculate the percent yield. It is important to arrange the ratios/conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answers should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given values.
Molar Mass (I₂): 2(126.90 g/mol)
Molar Mass (I₂): 253.8 g/mol
Molar Mass (PI₃): 30.974 g/mol + 3(126.90 g/mol)
Molar Mass (PI₃): 411.674 g/mol
2 P(s) + 3 I₂(s) -----> 2 PI₃(s)
48.0 g I₂ 1 mole 2 moles PI₃ 411.674 g
--------------- x ----------------- x ---------------------- x ------------------ =
253.8 g 3 moles I₂ 1 mole
= 51.9 g PI₃
Actual Yield
Percentage Yield = --------------------------------- x 100%
Theoretical Yield
50.0 g PI₃
Percentage Yield = -------------------- x 100%
51.9 g PI₃
Percentage Yield = 96.3% PI₃
Why is scientific notation used?
to round numbers to the nearest whole number
to promote reproducibility of data
to increase the validity of data
to express very large or very small numbers
The correct option is (d) To express very large or very small number.
What is the Scientific Notation?
Scientific notation is a way to present numbers that are too large or too small to be easily written in decimal form. The three components of scientific notation are coefficient, base and exponent. The proper format to write a scientific notation is a x 10^b, where a is a number or decimal number and b is the power of 10 to make scientific notation equivalent to original number. When a number between 1 and 10 is multiplied by a power of 10 then the number is expressed in scientific notation. For example, 10000000 can be written as 10⁷, which is the scientific notation and the exponent is positive here. Similarly, for the negative exponent 0.000001 can be can be represented as 10-⁷. Hence, the scientific notation is used to express very large or very small numbers.
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significant use of boiling point in daily life
Answer:
boiling point can be used to tell how long something I.e water would take to boil.
boiling point can also tell us the amount if heat needed to be applied for the substance to boil