Answer:
Octet rule fails to explain the following:
(1) The stability of incomplete octet molecules, i.e., the molecules with the central atom containing less than eight electrons. (2) The stability of expanded octet molecules, i.e., the molecules with the central atom containing more than eight electrons.
A TLC plate showed 2 spots with Rf values of 0.25 and 0.26. The plate was removed from the developing chamber, the residual solvent was allowed to evaporate from the plate, and then the plate was returned to the developing chamber. What would you expect to see after the second development was complete
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
TLC is a chromatographic method in which the solute is spotted on a plate and the plate is placed in an air tight chamber containing a solvent. The solvent is maintained below the level of the spot. The capillary movement of the solvent through the plate achieves the required separation.
If two spots have Rf values of 0.25 and 0.26 respectively and then the plate was removed from the developing chamber, subsequently, the residual solvent was allowed to evaporate from the plate, and then the plate was returned to the developing chamber.
It will be observed after the second development is complete that the new Rf values will be 0.50 and 0.52 respectively. It will just be as though the second chromatogram picked up from where the first chromatogram stopped.
Which of these increases the friction of someone walking on the floor?
Answer:
.This is because gravity pulls down harder on the heavier one, which increases its friction with the floor
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Chlorine gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with manganese(IV) oxide.
4HCl(aq)+MnO2(s)⟶MnCl2(aq)+2H2O(l)+Cl2(g)
A sample of 43.1g MnO2 is added to a solution containing 42.9g HCl.
a. What is the limiting agent?
b. What is the theoretical yield of Cl2?
c. If the yield of the reaction is 72.9%, what is the actual yield of chlorine?
Answer:
A. HCl is the limiting reactant.
B. Theoretical yield of Cl₂ is 20.9 g.
C. Actual yield of Cl₂ = 15.2 g.
Explanation:
The balanced equation for the reaction is given below:
4HCl + MnO₂ –> MnCl₂ + 2H₂O + Cl₂
Next, we shall determine the masses of HCl and MnO₂ that reacted and the mass of Cl₂ produced from the balanced equation. This can be obtained as follow:
Molar mass of HCl = 1 + 35.5
= 36.5 g/mol
Mass of HCl from the balanced equation = 4 × 36.5 = 146 g
Molar mass of MnO₂ = 55 + (2×16)
= 55 + 32
= 87 g/mol
Mass of MnO₂ from the balanced equation = 1 × 87 = 87 g
Molar mass of Cl₂ = 2 × 35.5
= 71 g/mol
Mass of Cl₂ from the balanced equation = 1 × 71 = 71 g
SUMMARY:
From the balanced equation above,
146 g of HCl reacted with 87 g of MnO₂ to produce 71 g of Cl₂.
A. Determination of the limiting reactant.
From the balanced equation above,
146 g of HCl reacted with 87 g of MnO₂.
Therefore, 42.9 g of HCl will react with = (42.9 × 87)/146 = 25.6 g of MnO₂.
From the calculation made above, we can see clearly that only 25.6 g out of 43.1 g of MnO₂ given was needed to react completely with 42.9 g of HCl.
Therefore, HCl is the limiting reactant.
B. Determination of theoretical yield of Cl₂.
Here, the limiting reactant will be used.
From the balanced equation above,
146 g of HCl reacted to produce 71 g of Cl₂.
Therefore, 42.9 g of HCl will react to produce = (42.9 × 71)/146 = 20.9 g of Cl₂.
Thus, the theoretical yield of Cl₂ is 20.9 g.
C. Determination of the actual yield of Cl₂.
Theoretical yield of Cl₂ = 20.9 g
Percentage yield of Cl₂ = 72.9%
Actual yield of Cl₂ =?
Percentage yield = Actual yield / Theoretical yield × 100
72.9% = Actual yield / 20.9
Cross multiply
Actual yield = 72.9% × 20.9
Actual yield = 72.9/100 × 20.9
Actual yield = 0.729 × 20.9
Actual yield of Cl₂ = 15.2 g
Trộn 100ml dung dịch H2SO4 0,03M với 200ml dung dịch HCl 0,03M và 0,001mol Ba(OH)2 0,05M . Hãy tính pH của dung dịch này?
Answer:
pH = 1.92Explanation:
[H+] = 0.1x0.03x2 + 0.2x0.03 = 0.012 mol
[OH-] = 0.001x0.05x2 = 0.0001 mol
=> [H+] dư = 0.012 - 0.0001 =0.0119 mol
pH = -log[H+] = 1.92
B. It shifts the equilibrium toward the right, favoring product.
11. What is meant by the term heat of reaction?
A. the difference in temperature between products and reactants
B. the difference in bond energies between products and reactants
C. the difference in heat energies between products and reactants
What other name is a synonym for this term?
A. entropy change
B. potential change
C. enthalpy change
Answer:
11) the difference in heat energies between products and reactants
12) enthalpy change
Explanation:
The heat of reaction is defined as that energy released or absorbed as chemical substances participate in a chemical reaction. It is a term used to denote the change in energy as reactants change into products.
Another name of heat of reaction is enthalpy of reaction. It is a state function since it depends on the initial and final states of the system.
Hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by a sin- gle-displacement reaction in which solid zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid. How much zinc in grams is required to make 14.5 g of hydrogen gas through this reaction
Answer:
941 g
Explanation:
Step 1: Write the balanced equation
Zn + 2 HCl ⇒ ZnCl₂ + H₂
Step 2: Calculate the moles corresponding to 14.5 g of H₂
The molar mass of H₂ is 1.01 g/mol.
14.5 g × 1 mol/1.01 g = 14.4 mol
Step 3: Calculate the number of moles of Zn required to form 14.4 moles of H₂
The molar ratio of Zn to H₂ is 1:1. The moles of Zn required are 1/1 × 14.4 mol = 14.4 mol.
Step 4: Calculate the mass corresponding to 14.4 moles of Zn
The molar mass of Zn is 65.38 g/mol.
14.4 mol × 65.38 g/mol = 941 g
The literature values listed for the unknowns in this assignment are from either the Merck Index or the CRC Handbook, the two most used reference handbooks. However, the values tend to vary slightly across literature sources and sometimes the temperatures are given as ranges. Give at least one reason for the variations in these reported temperatures.
In general, the boiling points of compounds increase down a group in the periodic table. The melting points and boiling points for the hydrogen compounds of group 6A elements are in the table below.
Melting point (0C) Boiling point (oC)
H2O 0.0 100.0
H2S -82.0 -60.0
H2Se -65.7 -41.2
H2Te -49.0 -2.2
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
One of the important trends in the periodic table is electronegativity. Electro negativity decreases down the group and increases across the period. This trend has important consequences on the observed properties of the compounds of elements in a particular group in the periodic table.
As we move down in group 6A, the electro negativity of the elements elements the group decrease and as such, the magnitude of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the molecules also decrease accordingly. Hydrogen bonds occur between
molecules of a substance when hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative element. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high melting and boiling points of small molecules such as water which contain the highly electronegative oxygen atom.
So, as we move down the group there is lesser intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydride molecules of group 6A elements resulting in the observed trend in melting and boiling points of the hydrides.
The weaker hydrogen bonds that occurbetween molecules of group 6A hydrides lead to a steady decrease in melting and boiling points of the hydrides of group 6A elements as we move down the group.
Nuclear reactions take place inside the nucleus of the atom. Which of the following does NOT represent an everyday example of a nuclear reaction?
Conversion of carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis
Hydrogen atoms fused together in the Sun
Loss of protons and electrons in plutonium-240 decay
Energy produced by the Sun that is transferred to Earth
Answer:
Loss of protons and electrons in plutonium 240 decay is not an example of an everyday reaction
9) Give the set of four quantum numbers that could represent the extra electron added (using the Aufbau principle) to the neutral Ne atom.
10) Which 2nd period element has the most negative electron affinity? Why? Bonus questions
11) Which ionization process requires the most energy? Why?
A) Se(g) → Set(g) + e-
B) Set(g) Se2+(g) +
C) Br(g) → Brt(g) + e-
D) Brt(g) Br2+(g) + e-
12) Place the following in order of decreasing metallic character. Explain your reason.
P As K
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
9) If an extra electron is added to the neon atom, then the electronic configuration becomes; 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
This last electron has quantum numbers;
n=3, l=0, m=0 and s = +1/2
This is so because the 2s level is already filled so the extra electron must go into the 3s level. The orbital quantum number and the magnetic quantum number for the s orbital is zero.
10) Electron affinity is the energy released when one mole of gaseous atoms accept one mole of gaseous electrons to form one mole of gaseous ions having a negative charge.
In the second period, fluorine has the greatest electron affinity since electron affinity increases across the period. The noble gas, neon has an electron affinity of 0KJ/mol.
11) Ionization energy decreases down the group but increases across the period due to increase in the size of the nuclear charge and decrease in the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron. Hence, the process; Br+(g) ---->Br2+(g) + e- has the greatest ionization energy. Recall that the second ionization is always higher than the first ionization energy.
12)The order of decreasing metallic character here is K> As> P. Even though As and P belong to the same group, we must note that metallic character increases down the group hence the order written above.
What are the geometrical shape of BeCl2 and CO2?
Answer:Answer: BeCl2 And CO2 Both Molecules Have The Same - OOOOOOO Molecular Geometry (molecular Shape) Number Of Covalent Bonds To The Central Atom Total Number Of Each Type Of Bond (single, Double, Triple) Number Of Electron Pairs Around The Central Atom Electron Region Geometry (3-D Arrangement Of Electron Pair Regions
Explanation:
If you keep adding sugar to water and there comes a point that you cannot dissolve any more sugar to it then this is called
Answer:
.
Explanation:
how has society influenced our opinions on lithium mining
Answer:
LIBs have had a huge impact on our society. They enabled modern portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones. And they are now enabling clean and low-carbon transport, be it via electric cars or even flying taxis, and grid-scale storage of renewable energy
Explanation:
What does the rate law tell you about a reaction?
A. How the concentration of the reactants affects the rate of a
reaction
B. How temperature affects the rate of a reaction
C. How the equilibrium constant is related to the rate of a reaction
D. How the rate of a reaction affects the total time of a reaction
Answer:
A. How the concentration of the reactants affects the rate of a reaction
Explanation:
Let's consider a generic reaction.
A + B ⇒ Products
The generic rate law is:
rate = k × [A]ᵃ × [B]ᵇ
where,
rate: rate of the reaction[A] and [B]: molar concentrations of the reactantsk: rate constanta and b: reaction ordersAs we can see, the rate law shows how the concentration of the reactants affects the rate of a reaction.
Which is a property of barium (Ba)?
O A. It rarely reacts with other elements.
O B. It is brittle as a solid.
O c. It is very reactive.
O D. It does not conduct electricity.
Plzzzzz helppppp!!!
Answer:
a it rarely reach with other elements
You have a sample of gold that contains 0.2 moles of gold (Au). How many gold atoms are present in the sample. HINT: Gold atoms represents the number of particles."
1.20 x 10^23 atoms
3.3 x 10^-25 atoms
1.01 x 10^-3 moles
BEST ANSWER IS
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1.01 x 10^-3 moles
n = 0.20 mol
Required:N
Solution:N = n × 6.02 × 10²³ atoms/mol
N = 0.2 mol × 6.02 × 10²³ atoms/mol
N = 1.20 × 10²³ atoms
Therefore, there are 1.20 × 10²³ gold atoms in 0.2 mol of a gold sample.
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Question 11
1 pts
A solution is formed by dissolving 45 grams of NH4Cl in
100 grams of H20 at 70°C. Which statement correctly
describes this solution?
O NH4Cl is the solute, and the solution is saturated.
O NH4Cl is the solute, and the solution is unsaturated.
o NH4Cl is the solvent, and the solution is unsaturated.
O NH4Cl is the solvent, and the solution is saturated.
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Answer:
NH4Cl is the solute, and the solution is unsaturated.
Explanation:
To create a saturated solution of ammonium chloride at 70°C, we need to dissolve 62 g of ammonium chloride in 100 g of water.
The question tells us that 45 grams of NH4Cl was dissolved in 100 grams of H20 at 70°C. This creates an unsaturated solution since the amount of solute present is less than the amount of solute that the NH4Cl solution can normally hold at 70°C.
Hence, NH4Cl is the solute, and the solution is unsaturated.
Complete the sentence.
Hexene would have _ carbon atoms and one _ bond
First blank options:
7, 8, 1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6
Second blank options:
single, double, triple
Answer:
6, double
Explanation:
Hex- is a prefix for number 6.
Ene- is a suffix for a double bond.
What is the mass of 2.7 L of water?
Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence. law is a gas law that relates pressure and volume and states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the pressure and volume of the gas are ____________ related. ____________ law is a gas law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, the volume of the gas is propotional to its Kelvin temperature. ____________ law is a law that states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its component gases. ____________ law is a gas law that states that the volume of a gas is ____________ proportional to the number of moles of present when the pressure and temperature are held constant. ____________ law is a gas law that states for a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, the pressure of the gas is ____________ proportional to its Kelvin temperature. The ____________ law is a gas law that relates pressure, volume, and temperature. The ____________ law is the equation PV
Answer:
Find answers below.
Explanation:
1. Boyle's law is a gas law that relates pressure and volume and states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the pressure and volume of the gas are directly related.
Mathematically, Boyle's law is given by;
[tex] PV = K[/tex]
[tex] P_{1}V_{1} = P_{2}V_{2} [/tex]
Where;
P1 and P2 represents the initial and final pressures respectively.
V1 and V2 represents the initial and final volumes respectively.
2. Charles law is a gas law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, the volume of the gas is propotional to its Kelvin temperature.
Mathematically, Charles is given by;
[tex] VT = K[/tex]
[tex] \frac{V_{1}}{T_{1}} = \frac{V_{2}}{T_{2}}[/tex]
Where;
V1 and V2 represents the initial and final volumes respectively.
T1 and T2 represents the initial and final temperatures respectively.
3. Dalton law is a law that states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its component gases.
4. Avogadro's law is a gas law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of present when the pressure and temperature are held constant.
5. Gay Lussac's law is a gas law that states for a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature.
Mathematically, Gay Lussac's law is given by;
[tex] PT = K[/tex]
[tex] \frac{P1}{T1} = \frac{P2}{T2}[/tex]
6. The combined gas law is a gas law that relates pressure, volume, and temperature.
7. The ideal gas law is the equation PV = nRT
Where;
P is the pressure.
V is the volume.
n is the number of moles of substance.
R is the ideal gas constant.
T is the temperature.
Fabric A is used to rub a wooden rod. A second piece of Fabric A is used to rub an ebonite rod. It is observed that the wooden rod and the ebonite rod attract one another. What can you say about the position of Fabric A in the electrostatic series in relation to wood and ebonite?
Fabric A is likely to be a material that has a moderate tendency to gain electrons when in contact with other materials and is lower in the electrostatic series than ebonite but higher than wood.
What is electrostatic series?The electrostatic series is a list of materials ranked in order of their tendency to gain or lose electrons when in contact with another material.
Materials higher in the series tend to lose electrons more readily and become positively charged, while materials lower in the series tend to gain electrons more readily and become negatively charged.
Ebonite is a synthetic polymer that is known to become negatively charged when rubbed, and it is typically placed near the top of the electrostatic series.
Wood, on the other hand, is a poor conductor of electricity and does not readily become charged when rubbed. Based on these facts, we can infer that Fabric A is lower in the electrostatic series than ebonite, but higher than wood.
To learn more about an electrostatic series, follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/31065393
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An aqueous solution was created by placing 0.018 g of NaCl into a 50 mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume with deionized water. (Because the amount of solute is small, you may assume that the volume & density of the solution is equal to the volume & density of the solvent where appropriate.)Find the concentration in terms of the following units. Report your answers without scientific notation.Only input numbers. Your answers must be expressed to the correct number of significant figures. Any values less than one must have a zero in front of the decimal (e.g. 0.01 not .01)Molarity (M): Molality (m):Mole fraction of NaCl (X):Mass % of NaCl:
Answer:
Molarity: 6.2x10⁻³M NaCl
Molality: 6.2x10⁻³m NaCl
Mole Fraction: 1.1x10⁻⁴
Mass% NaCl: 0.036% (m/m NaCl)
Explanation:
Molarity -Moles NaCl / L-
Moles NaCl -Molar mass: 58.44g/mol-
0.018g * (1mol/58.44g) = 0.000308 moles NaCl
Liters water:
50mL * (1L/1000mL) = 0.050L
M = 0.000308 moles NaCl / 0.050L
M = 6.2x10⁻³M NaClMolality -Moles NaCl / kg water-
Moles NaCl = 0.000308 moles NaCl
kg water = 50mL * (1g/mL) * (1kg/1000g) = 0.050kg
m = 0.000308 moles NaCl / 0.050kg
m = 6.2x10⁻³m NaClMole Fraction -Moles NaCl / Moles water+ Moles NaCl-
Moles water = 50g * (1mol/18.01g) = 2.776 moles
Moles fraction = 0.000308 moles NaCl / 0.000308 moles NaCl + 2.776moles water
Mole fraction = 1.1x10⁻⁴Mass Percent -Mass NaCl / Mass NaCl+Mass Water * 100
0.018g / 50g+0.018g * 100
0.036% (m/m NaCl)
Spell out the full name of the compound.
Submit
Help plz
Explanation:
A=Butan-2-one
B=Pentan-3-one
What mass of octane (in g) is required to produce 8210 kJ of heat?
Answer:
184.8 g
Explanation:
Step 1: Write the balanced thermochemical equation
C₈H₁₈(l) + 25/2 O₂(g) ⇒ 8 CO₂(g) + 9 H₂O(g) ΔH°rxn = -5074.1 kJ
Step 2: Calculate the moles of octane required to produce 8210 kJ of heat
According to the thermochemical equation, 5074.1 kJ of heat are released per mole of octane consumed.
-8210 kJ × 1 mol C₈H₁₈/(-5074.1 kJ) = 1.618 mol
Step 3: Calculate the mass corresponding to 1.618 moles of octane
The molar mass of C₈H₁₈ is 114.23 g/mol.
1.618 mol × 114.23 g/mol = 184.8 g
1mol produces=5074.1KJ heat .
Moles produce 8210 KJ heat :-
8210/5074.1=1.62molMolar mass of Octane :-
8(12)+18=96+18=114g/molMass of Octane=
1.62(114)=184.7g3. Calculate the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures. e) 43.678 x 64.1 = f) 1.678/0.42 =
Describe what happens between the valence electrons in an Ionic Bond.
How is that different from a covalent bond?
Answer:
In an ionic bond, the elctrons are transferred. For example, NaCl has an ionic bond because Na loses an electron and the Cl atom gains the electron. However in a covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally. Covalent bonds usually occur between two nonmetals.
Explanation:
The following compounds all show a single line in their 1H NMR spectra. List them as they would appear in an NMR spectrum, e.g. by decreasing chemical shift with the lowest shift to the right. These compounds would appear in a spectrum in the order.
a. Benzene
b. CH4
c. Cyclohexane
These compounds would appear in a spectrum in the order: _
Answer:
Benzene < Cyclohexane < CH4
Explanation:
The location of a peak in an NMR spectrum is determined by chemical shift. In 1H NMR, a proton that is strongly shielded, It implies a proton that has a high electron density, is exposed to a low magnetic field, which causes the chemical shift to diminish, resulting in a signal towards the right direction of the spectrum.
However, a de-shielded proton with its electron density reduced is exposed to a high magnetic field, which causes and resulted in a chemical shift and causes it to shift to the left of the spectrum.
Electronegativity is one of the factors that influence the electron density because it decreases the proton's electron density attached to it as well as the ones attached to nearby atoms due to the inductive effect. The impact of an electronegative atom diminishes fast as the distance between them grows.
We can utilize the impact of electronegativity to calculate how much chemical shift will take place in each molecule in this question.
The chemical shift for benzene is = 7.26 ppm
Chemical shift for cyclohexane is = 1.44 ppm
Chemical shift for methane = 0.23 ppm
Thus, in decreasing order, the chemical shift with the lowest shift from left to right is:
Benzene < Cyclohexane < CH4
A certain first-order reaction is 45.0% complete in 65 s. What are the values of the rate constant and the half-life for this process
Answer:
0.01228s⁻¹ = rate constant
Half-life = 56.4s
Explanation:
The first order reaction follows the equation:
ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]₀
Where [A] is amount of reactant after time t = 45.0%, k is rate constante and [A]₀ initial amount of reactant = 100%
ln[45%] = -k*65s + ln[100%]
-0.7985 = -k*65s
0.01228s⁻¹ = rate constant
Half-life is:
Half-life = ln2 / k
Half-life = 56.4s
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X. Over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar. Describes the movement of substance X?
Answer:
X is moving into the cell by active transport
Explanation:
According to Oxford dictionary;active transport refers to ''the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy''.
Since the concentration of X is higher inside the cell than it is outside the cell, energy must be required in order to move substance X across the cell membrane against existing concentration gradient. This process is called active transport.
which is a characteristic of oxygen
Answer:
Characteristics of oxygen are as follows:
In normal conditions oxygen is a colourless, odourless and insipid gas.It condensates in a light blue liquid.Oxygen is part of a small group of gasses literally paramagnetic and it's the most paramagnetic of all.Liquid oxygen is also slightly paramagnetic.How would you prepare stable polymers from formaldehyde?
Answer:
The mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde resins may be improved by incorporating therein polyvinyl alcohol. The polyvinyl alcohol may be incorporated during pre-mixing, mid mixing, and/or post mixing of the resin components. Resins prepared using polyvinyl alcohol are particularly desirable in articles requiring improved mechanical strength and water resistance, as compared to similar resins prepared without the polyvinyl alcohol such as shingles.