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Answer:

The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a substance.

Explanation:

pH stands for potential hydrogen. It ranges from 0 to 14, 7 being neutral. The pH of water is 7 i.e. it is neither acidic nor basic. 0 to 7 shows acidic behavior while 7 to 14 shows basic behavior.

Experiment:

Dip the pH paper in the liquid and wait for ten seconds. The pH strip starts to discolor.

For a strong acid the strip will turn red.

For a weak acid the strip will become pale red.

To find the correct pH value we can compare it with the indicator scale present on the pH scale box.

The scale used to measure the basicity of a substance is called the pH scale.

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 14 and is used to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution. A pH value of 7 is considered neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are basic.

To differentiate a weak base from a strong one, you can perform the following experiments:

pH Measurement: Measure the pH of the solution containing the base using a pH meter or pH indicator paper. A strong base will have a higher pH value, typically around 12-14, indicating a highly basic solution. A weak base will have a lower pH value, closer to 7, indicating a less basic or slightly basic solution.

Conductivity Test: Dissolve a small amount of the base in water and measure its electrical conductivity using a conductivity meter. Strong bases are good electrolytes and will conduct electricity well, resulting in a high conductivity. Weak bases, on the other hand, are poor electrolytes and will exhibit lower conductivity.

Reaction with Acids: Add a few drops of a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), to a solution containing the base. Strong bases will rapidly and completely neutralize the acid, resulting in a significant increase in pH. Weak bases, however, will only partially neutralize the acid, leading to a smaller increase in pH.

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Benzoic acid is one of the weakest acid for titration. The pH of the salt solution generated is the pH greater than 7( >7 ) at the equivalence point in any titration.

The benzoate anion, combines with water to create OH- and undissociated benzoic acid. This reaction is stronger than OH-. As a result of the hydroxide ions generated by this reaction, the final solution has a pH greater than 7. Hydrolysis is the term for an ion's reaction with water, such as the benzoate ion.

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Filling out the table below following the outlined order:

An element can be defined as a substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances.

An element serves as a building blocks for compounds and mixtures.

In conclusion, each element and its property as requested in the table are given above.

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The percent yield of the calcium hydroxide is 84.5%.

Stoichiometry enables us to obtain the mass of a substance form the equation of the reaction.

The equation of the reaction is;

CaCO3 + 2HCl -----> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Number of moles of X = 40.0 grams/100 g/mol = 0.4 moles

Number of moles of HCl = 850/1000 * 1 M = 0.85 moles

If 1 mole of CaCO3 reacts with 2 moles of HCl

0.4 moles of  CaCO3 reacts with  0.4 moles  * 2 moles/1 mole

= 0.8 moles of HCl

Hence X is the limiting reactant.

The reaction is 1:1 then the amount of CO2  produced is 0.4 moles

Mass of CO2 = 0.4 CO2 * 44 g/mol = 17.6 g

2) The reaction equation is; 2NaOH + CaCO3 --->  Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3

Number of moles of X = 25.0 grams/100 g/mol =  0.25 moles

Number of moles of NaOH= 40/1000 L * 2 M = 0.08 moles

If 1 mole of X reacts with 2 moles of NaOH

0.25 moles  reacts with   0.25 moles   * 2 moles /1 mole

= 0.5 moles

NaOH is the limiting reactant

2 moles of NaOH produces 1 mole of CO2

0.08 moles of NaOH produces 0.08 moles * 1 mole/2 moles

= 0.04 moles of CO2

Theoretical yield of CO2 =  0.04 moles of CO2 * 74 g/mol = 2.96  g

Percent yield = 2.5 g/ 2.96  g * 100

= 84.5%

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The elements listed on the bottom of the reactivity list for all of the following except fireworks and is denoted as option C.

This is referred to the extent in which an element is able to take part in a chemical reaction.

The elements founds at the bottom of the reactivity list include gold which can't be used for making fireworks.

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The number of molecules and number of moles of [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] is 4 moles and 24.088×[tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules.

Calculation,

Atomic mass of carbon is 12 u and H is 1 u

So, molar mass of [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] = 12 + 1×4 = 16 u = 16 g/mole

Number of moles = given mass / molar mass = 64 g/ 16 g/mol = 4 moles

1 moles of substance contains 6 .022 ×[tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules.

So, number of molecules in 3 moles of methane = 4×6.022 ×[tex]10^{23}[/tex]  

number of molecules in 3 moles of methane  = 24.088×[tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules.

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Explanation:

(1) they are heterogenous mixture

(2) the size of particles of colloids is too small to be seen by bare eyes.

(3) they scatter light passing through them making it's path visible.

Answer:

when an electron move closer to the nucleus the magnitude of energy of the nucleus increases

PO43- can form an ionic bond with a cation.

The chemical species which can easily form an ionic bond with a cation will be.

The definition of an ionic bond is a chemical bond that is formed between two ions that have opposite charges.

An Ionic bond is formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

These bonds can easily form between a pair of atoms or between molecules. This kind of bonding is most widely seen in bonds present in salts.

Compared to other options given,  is the best option as the total number of 32 valence electrons, is the highest among the given choices. Its tendency to form ionic bonds with the other cation is much higher as compared to others.

P has 5 electrons which combine with 4 O atoms which have 6 lone pairs and a -3 charge on it, which means it is accepting 3 electrons so it will be (+3), so total valence electrons will be 5 + 6 (4) + 3 = 32.

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The major 1,2- and 1,4-addition products are 4-Bromo-2-hexene and 2-Bromo-2-hexene.

What is Markovnikov Rule ?

Markovnikov rule explains that in addition reaction of alkene react with a hydrogen halide. The hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom that is already bonded to the greatest number of hydrogen.

An addition reaction is an organic reaction occur when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule without the loss of any atoms present in reactant.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The major 1,2- and 1,4-addition products are 4-Bromo-2-hexene and 2-Bromo-2-hexene.

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(2.) A lab assistant Alex test for the presence of X, the balanced chemical equation is CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O. (3.) Another lab assistant perform the test, the balanced chemical equation is CaCO₃ + 2NaOH → Ca(OH)₂ + Na₂CO₃. (4.) The Substance X is Calcium carbonate.

The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.

(2.) To test for the presence of substance X, a lab assistant, Alex, treats a sample of the material with hydrochloric acid. Bubbles of carbon dioxide gas are observed and collected during the test reaction.

The balanced chemical equation is

CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

(3.) Another lab assistant, Jess, disagrees with Alex, and treats a sample of substance X with sodium hydroxide. One of the products of this reaction is a compound called milk of lime (found to be only slightly soluble in water).

The balanced chemical equation is

CaCO₃ + 2NaOH Ca(OH)₂ + Na₂CO₃

The type of reaction is Double displacement reaction

(4.) The lab assistant Alex perform the valid test for substance X because it gives effervescence of bubbles. The substance X is calcium carbonate. When calcium carbonate react with dilute HCl then carbon dioxide gas bubbles is present in it.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that  (2.) A lab assistant Alex test for the presence of X, the balanced chemical equation is CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂ + H₂O. (3.) Another lab assistant perform the test, the balanced chemical equation is CaCO₃ + 2NaOH → Ca(OH)₂ + Na₂CO₃. (4.) The Substance X is Calcium carbonate.

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Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases.

Partial pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by individual gas constituents that makes up a mixture of gases.

According to Dalton's law of partial pressures which states that the total pressure by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases.

This can be represented mathematically by the following:

P = P1 + P2

Where P = total pressure

P1 = partial pressure of gas 1

P2 = partial pressure of gas 2.

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From the calculation, the concentration in parts per billion is 6 ppb.

The term ppb refers to the concentration of a substance in parts per billion. We obtain the ppb using the formula;

Mass of solute/ Mass of solution * 10^9

Now, 1L = 1000cm^3 = 1000 g

The concertation in ppb = 6 * 10^-6 g/1000 g * 10^9

= 6 ppb

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The lowest smallest whole-number coefficient for H₂S is 5. Option C

Now we know that a redox reaction is one in which there is a loss and gain of electrons One specie is oxidized (looses electrons) while another specie is reduced (gains electrons). The electrons must be transferred leading to an increase in oxidation number of one specie and a decrease in the oxidation number of another.

Now the reduction half equation is;

MnO4^-(aq) + 8H^+(aq) + 5e^- ----> Mn^2+(aq) + 4H2O (l)

The oxidation  half equation is;

H2S(aq) ----> S^2-(aq) + 2H^+(aq) + 2e^-

Multiplying the reduction half equation by 2 and the  oxidation  half equation is 5

2MnO4^-(aq) + 16H^+(aq) + 10e^- ----> 2Mn^2+(aq) + 8H2O (l)

And;

5H2S(aq) ----> 5S^2-(aq) + 10H^+(aq) + 10e^-

The overall balanced reaction equation is;

2MnO4^-(aq) + 6H^+(aq) + 5H2S(aq) ----> 2Mn^2+(aq) + 8H2O (l) + 5S^2-(aq)

Thus the lowest smallest whole-number coefficient for H₂S is 5.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

Valency is the combining power of an element

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Rusting of iron is the most familiar example of corrosion. It is a process in which an iron reacts with atmospheric oxygen and moisture to form a reddish brown substance iron oxide, which is commonly known as rust.

[tex] \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: [/tex]

[tex]\blue{ \star}:[/tex][tex] \sf4fe+ 3O_2+ XH_2O→ 2Fe_2O_3.XH_2O[/tex]

Answer:

Rust is an iron oxide, formed by iron and oxygen reacting in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rusting is an oxidation reaction. This means it involves oxygen reacting with something (in this case, iron in the presence of moisture).

The chemical formula for rusting:

4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Fe (OH)3

Hope this helps!

- profparis

Answer:

positive

Explanation:

3.3 g of hydrogen gas will be produced.

Stoichiometry helps to measure quantitative relationships between the amounts of products and reactants that are given in a reaction.

The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.

Now we have to write the balanced equation

Mg + 2HNO₃  → Mg(NO₃)₂ + H₂

According to Stoichiometry

[tex]40.9\ \text{g Mg} \times \frac{1\ \text{mol Mg}}{24.31\ \text{g Mg}} \times \frac{1\ \text{mol}\ H_2}{1\ \text{mol Mg}} \times \frac{2.02\ g\ H_2}{1\ \text{mol}\ H_2}[/tex]

= 3.3 g H₂

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 3.3 g of hydrogen gas will be produced.

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Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf 5\ moles\ of\ oxygen}[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]C_3H_8+5O_2 \longrightarrow 4H_2O+3CO_2[/tex]

From the reaction, we can say that,

So, to generate 3 mole of carbon dioxide, 5 moles of oxygen are required. (as shown in the chemical reaction!)

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In a mining community, water pollution kills the fish in local river.

Large amounts of water are frequently used in mining, which has the potential to contaminate local groundwater, rivers, streams, and other water sources. A community's ability to grow its own food may be hampered by mining since it consumes grazing or agricultural land and pollutes the soil and the environment.

Metals that leach from the rock also contaminate nearby water sources when they do so. chemical processing pollution: When minerals are extracted from their ores using cyanide or sulfuric acid and water, the runoff pollutes the rivers in the area.

Through erosion and sedimentation, dewatering of wetlands, diverting and channelizing streams, and poisoning surface water and aquifers with harmful chemicals, surface mining can have an impact on fish and aquatic resources.

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Answer:

a

Explanation:

It is hemoglobin.

In the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of vertebrates, hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs. In a complete blood cell (CBC) test, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is often measured.

A globin group is surrounded by four heme groups, which together form a tetrahedral shape in each hemoglobin molecule. Heme is an organic complex known as a porphyrin that has an iron atom linked to it. Heme makes up only 4% of the weight of the molecule. As the blood circulates between the lungs and the tissues, the iron atom is what holds oxygen in place. Each hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms, and as a result, it has the capacity to bind four oxygen molecules. Two linked pairs of polypeptide chains make up globin.

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An oil separates crude oil into its components by distillation. some components are altered by cracking and Reforming.

The  crude oil  contains many petroleum products like petrol , diesel , Mobil oil coaltar and many more with impurities So, now it is very important to separated it into components to use all product individually in pure form.

The separation process are based on fraction distillation because all petroleum products have different density and boiling points. All products are separated at different temperature.

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The component(s) of msa make(s) this media selective for sodium chloride.

MSA is a medium  which has both differential as well as selective properties. The distinguishing feature is the high salt content (7.5%). On just this high salt concentration, Staphylococcus species, which frequently inhabit human skin, can develop.

Streptococcus species, however, have their growth inhibited by the high salt content of the agar. Mannitol, a sugar, would be the MSA's unique component.

Resulting in high salt concentration, the sodium chloride in MSA ensures that only Staphylococci species survive. All more gram-positive bacteria are thereafter destroyed.

Therefore, the correct answer will be option (d).

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The pressure of the gas if ethylene is supplied by a 51.6 l tank is 51.1355atm

The final pressure of the gas can be calculated by using the formula given by Boyle's law,

      P1V1 = P2V2

What is Boyle's law?

    Boyle's law relates the compression and expansion of gas at a constant temperature. It states that, At constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the given mass of gas.

      P1V1 = P2V2

where,

P1 is the initial pressure

V1 is the initial volume

P2 is the final pressure and

V2 is the final volume.

Initial volume V1= 4122.8L

Initial pressure P1= 0.64atm

Final volume V2= 51.6L

Final pressure P2= ?

   0.64*4122.8= P2*51.6

   P2= 2638.592/51.6

   P2= 51.1355atm

Hence the final pressure of the gas is 51.1355atm

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Calcium carbonate ([tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex]), an insoluble precipitate that could be removed from water by filtration, is created when the calcium ion in hard water bonds with the carbonate ion.

Precipitates may be ionic solids that are insoluble and result from reactions between certain cations as well as anions in water. A precipitate's formation could be influenced by a variety of circumstances.

When calcium atoms gain or lose electrons, they change their charge but also reactivity, forming calcium ions.

Therefore, Calcium carbonate ([tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex]), could be used to precipitate the calcium ion form a water sample

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A generic element, Q, has two isotopes, 195Q and 190Q, and an average atomic mass of 191.86 amu. The natural abundances of the two isotopes are 38% 195Q and 62% 190Q. The isotopic mass of 195Q is 194.96 amu.  the isotopic mass of 190Q is 186.80.

Isotopes are two or more atom types that share the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei), location in the periodic table, and chemical element but have distinct nucleon numbers (mass numbers) as a result of having a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Although the chemical properties of each isotope of a given element are nearly identical, they differ in their atomic weights and physical characteristics.

191.86 =(62% x 194.96 + 38% x  X )

where, X is the mass of other Isotope.

X     = (191.86  - 120.8752)/0 .38

       = 186.80

The initial radioisotope and the isotope that results from radioactive decay may not be the same. The atoms created by the reaction are known as daughter isotopes, whereas the original isotope is known as the parent isotope. It's possible to get different kinds of daughter isotopes.

As an illustration, the uranium atom is the parent isotope and the thorium atom is the daughter isotope when U-238 decays into Th-234.

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Answer: The purpose is to analyze the speed of planets around a central star.

Explanation: using variables

The mass of solute per 100 mL of solution is abbreviated as (m/v). Mass is not technically the same thing as weight, but the abbreviation (w/v) is also common. 262 grams of sucrose are needed to make 655 mL of a 40.0% (w/v) sucrose solution

A solute is a material that dissolves in a solution. The amount of solvent present in fluid solutions is greater than the amount of solute. The two most common examples of solutions in daily life are salt and water. Salt is the solute because it dissolves in water.

       It provides the real yield of the substance or item.

using w/v we can calculate the weight of sucrose:-

40.0% means 40 g sucrose/ 100 g solution

40.0g sucrose x (655/100)=grams of sucrose

262  grams of sucrose are needed to make 655 mL of a 40.0% (w/v) sucrose solution.

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Answer:

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) => MgCl2(aq) + 2HCl(l)

Explanation:

The reaction that occurs in the stomach when one takes an antacid {Mg(OH)2} is termed as Neutralization reaction as it reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium hydroxide and water.

The equation of reaction:

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) => MgCl2(aq) + 2HCl(l)

Answer:

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) => Zn²+(aq) + H2 (g)

Explanation:

The equation Zn + 2 HCI -> H₂ +zncl2 on reduction and oxidation, it results as below;

The equations above are half cell.

On combination of the above half cell reaction equations gives;

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) => Zn²+(aq) + H2 (g).

Therefore, the half reaction equation for Zn + 2 HCI -> H₂ +zncl2 is given by;

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) => Zn²+(aq) + H2 (g).