___________ unemployment occurs when workers do not have the required skills for existing jobs. ___________ unemployment occurs when workers do not have the required skills for existing jobs. Cyclical Structural Frictional None of the above

When managers create organizational structures that divide the company into separate business units according to a specific type of product for a particular customer base, this is a product-based structure.

This type of structure is also known as a divisional structure. It is a common approach to organizing a company that produces a wide variety of products or services for different customer groups.

This allows the company to focus on the unique needs and preferences of each customer group and tailor its products and services accordingly. It also allows for better accountability and performance tracking, as each business unit has its own set of goals and objectives.

However, a product-based structure can also create challenges for communication and coordination between business units, as each unit may have different priorities and strategies. To address this, managers must establish clear channels of communication and decision-making processes to ensure that the company's overall goals are being met.

Overall, a product-based structure can be an effective way to organize a company that produces a diverse range of products or services for different customer groups. It allows for greater focus and accountability, but also requires careful management to ensure coordination and alignment across the organization.

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The supply curve for a product with a fixed supply would be represented by a vertical line on a graph, indicating that the quantity supplied remains constant regardless of the price.

The reason for this is that the total number of stadium seats available for a game is fixed and cannot be changed in the short term. Therefore, the quantity of stadium seats supplied is limited to this fixed quantity, regardless of the price that buyers are willing to pay for them.

In other words, the supply of stadium seats is perfectly inelastic. If the price of the seats were to increase, the quantity supplied would remain the same, and if the price were to decrease, the quantity supplied would still remain the same.This is in contrast to a product with a variable supply, where the supply curve slopes upward to the right, indicating that as the price increases, the quantity supplied also increases.

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The book value of the machine after five years using the MACRS method of depreciation is approximately $24,744.

The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) is a method of depreciation used for tax purposes in the United States. It allows businesses to depreciate assets more quickly than the straight-line method, thus providing greater tax benefits in the early years of an asset's life.

To calculate the book value of a machine after five years using the MACRS method, you need to know the depreciation rate for each year. MACRS has different depreciation tables for various asset classes. Assuming this machine falls under the 10-year property class, the MACRS depreciation rates for the first five years are:

1. Year 1: 10.00%
2. Year 2: 18.00%
3. Year 3: 14.40%
4. Year 4: 11.52%
5. Year 5: 9.22%

First, determine the total depreciable amount, which is the difference between the initial cost and the salvage value: $50,000 - $10,000 = $40,000.

Next, calculate the depreciation for each year by multiplying the depreciable amount by the corresponding MACRS rate:

1. Year 1: $40,000 * 10.00% = $4,000
2. Year 2: $40,000 * 18.00% = $7,200
3. Year 3: $40,000 * 14.40% = $5,760
4. Year 4: $40,000 * 11.52% = $4,608
5. Year 5: $40,000 * 9.22% = $3,688

Now, sum up the depreciation for the first five years: $4,000 + $7,200 + $5,760 + $4,608 + $3,688 = $25,256.

Finally, subtract the accumulated depreciation from the initial cost to find the book value after five years: $50,000 - $25,256 = $24,744.

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A binder that allows brokers to hypothetically negotiate a deal without the use of attorneys prior to actually making a bona fide offer is often called an "offer to purchase" or a "letter of intent."

This document outlines the basic terms of a potential transaction, including the price, financing arrangements, and other key details. It is usually non-binding and serves as a starting point for negotiations between the parties. The purpose of a binder is to facilitate the negotiation process and allow the parties to reach an agreement on the key terms of the transaction before engaging attorneys to draft formal legal documents. This can save time and money and help ensure that the parties are on the same page before investing significant resources in the transaction.

However, it is important to note that a binder is not a legally binding agreement, and the terms outlined in the document may be subject to change as hypothetically negotiate. Therefore, it is important to consult with an attorney before entering into any binding agreements or making significant commitments based on a binder or letter of intent.

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The Kip's ending inventory under the FIFO cost-flow method is three tubs with a total cost of $2,500.

Under the [tex]FIFO[/tex] (first-in, first-out) cost-flow method, the first items purchased are assumed to be the first ones sold.

Therefore, we can assume that Kip sold the three tubs purchased in July, followed by two of the five tubs purchased in April.

This leaves Kip with three tubs remaining in inventory at the end of the year. We can calculate the cost of these three remaining tubs using the cost of the two April tubs and one of the November tubs, as these are the oldest items remaining in inventory under the [tex]FIFO[/tex] method.

The cost per tub for the two April tubs is $[tex]5,000/5 = $1,000[/tex] per tub. The cost per tub for one of the November tubs is

$1,000/2 = $500 per tub.

Therefore, the cost of the three remaining tubs is [tex]2 x $1,000 + 1 x $500 = $2,500.[/tex]

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Therefore, the price of the security is $2,000.

To calculate the price of the security, we need to use the formula for the present value of a perpetuity:

PV = D / r

where PV is the present value, D is the dividend payment, and r is the interest rate.

In this case, the quarterly dividend payment is $3.60, so the annual dividend payment is:

$3.60 * 4 = $14.40

The APR is 2.9 percent compounded quarterly, which means the quarterly interest rate is:

r = (1 + APR/4)^4 - 1

= (1 + 0.029/4)^4 - 1

= 0.0072

Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

PV = $14.40 / 0.0072

= $2,000

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The concept of business responsibility based on using laws to constrain business behavior is referred to as the Regulatory Approach.

The Regulatory Approach emphasizes the role of government in setting boundaries and guidelines for businesses to operate ethically and responsibly. This approach assumes that businesses, if left to their own devices, might engage in unethical or harmful practices to maximize profits. Therefore, the government creates laws and regulations that set minimum standards for business behavior, ensuring the protection of the environment, consumers, and other stakeholders.

For example, businesses are required to follow laws such as the Clean Air Act, which sets limits on air pollution, or the Fair Labor Standards Act, which mandates minimum wages and working conditions. The Regulatory Approach is crucial in balancing the interests of businesses, stakeholders, and society as a whole.

However, it is important to note that the Regulatory Approach is not the only means of promoting responsible business practices. Many businesses today also adopt a voluntary approach, wherein they go beyond what is legally required and proactively commit to ethical practices, often as part of their corporate social responsibility initiatives. In conclusion, the Regulatory Approach is a vital framework that helps to ensure business responsibility, and when combined with voluntary actions, can lead to a more sustainable and ethical business environment.

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To make sure contests are effective, we need to select those that last a long time. This is because contests are typically designed to achieve specific goals or objectives, such as increasing brand awareness, promoting new products, or engaging with customers.

These goals require sustained effort over a period of time to achieve meaningful results.Short-term contests may generate some initial interest or excitement, but they are unlikely to have a lasting impact on the audience. To ensure that a contest is effective, it is important to choose one that is designed to last for an extended period. This will give participants the opportunity to engage with the contest over time, build momentum, and generate buzz.

Additionally, a longer contest duration allows for greater visibility and exposure for the brand or product being promoted. It also provides ample time for the brand to collect feedback and data from the participants, which can be used to improve future marketing efforts.

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A flexible exchange rate system crisis typically involves a rapid and uncontrolled depreciation of the currency.

This can be caused by a variety of factors such as a decrease in demand for the country's exports, a decrease in foreign investment, or a decrease in confidence in the government's ability to manage the economy.

A decrease in the dollar value of the country's international debt may also occur as a result of the currency depreciation. However, a flexible exchange rate system crisis does not necessarily involve a sure political collapse of the ruling government or a revaluation of the currency.

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If people do not trust the value of a nation's money, companies will not accept it as payment for goods and services. This describes the acceptability characteristic of money.

A significant nature of cash is its acknowledgment. Good money necessitates unanimous acceptance from all parties. Money possesses an inherent quality of universal acceptability because it is designated as the legal tender by law.

Aside from its acknowledgment, great cash additionally requires convenientce. Good money is money that can be carried or transferred between locations.

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The value of the continuous stream after 3 years will be approximately $6,186.84.

FV =[tex]P * (e^(rt) - 1) / r[/tex]
Where:
FV = future value of the continuous annuity
P = continuous stream amount, in this case, $2,000 per year
r = continuously compounding interest rate, which is 1.9% or 0.019 in decimal form
t = number of years, which is 3 years
e = Euler's number, approximately 2.71828

The future value:
FV = 2000 * (e^(0.019 * 3) - 1) / 0.019
First, the exponent:
0.019 * 3 = 0.057
Next, calculate e^(0.057):
e^(0.057) ≈ 1.05865
Now, subtract 1 from 1.05865:
1.05865 - 1 = 0.05865
Finally, divide by the interest rate and multiply by the continuous stream amount:
2000 * 0.05865 / 0.019 ≈ 6186.84
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Abbey Co. earned a gross profit of $5,148 on the above transactions.

The amount of gross profit earned by Abbey Co. on the above transactions can be calculated as follows:

Total amount of sales = $26,600
Less: Cost of goods sold = $18,620
Gross profit = $7,980

Since Gomez Co. paid the invoice within the discount period, they are entitled to a 2% discount on the total amount of sales. The discount amount can be calculated as follows:

Discount amount = Total amount of sales x Discount rate
Discount amount = $26,600 x 0.02
Discount amount = $532

Therefore, the net amount received by Abbey Co. after the discount is:

The net amount received = Total amount of sales - Discount amount
The net amount received = $26,600 - $532
Net amount received = $26,068

However, Abbey Co. also issued a credit memo for $2,300 for merchandise returned. The net amount received after deducting the credit memo is:

The net amount received after deducting the credit memo = Net amount received - Credit memo amount
Net amount received after deducting credit memo = $26,068 - $2,300
The net amount received after deducting the credit memo = $23,768

Therefore, the gross profit earned by Abbey Co. on the above transactions is:

Gross profit = Net amount received after deducting credit memo - Cost of goods sold
Gross profit = $23,768 - $18,620
Gross profit = $5,148

Therefore, Abbey Co. earned a gross profit of $5,148 on the above transactions.

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The concept of utility is crucial for economists to analyze consumer behavior and market dynamics.

Economists use the term "utility" to describe the want-satisfying power of a good. Utility refers to the satisfaction or pleasure that a consumer derives from consuming a good or service. It is a subjective concept and varies from person to person, as different individuals have different preferences and priorities. Economists measure utility in terms of "utils" and use the concept to explain how consumers make choices and allocate their limited resources to maximize their satisfaction. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as a consumer consumes more and more units of a good, the additional utility derived from each unit decreases, eventually reaching zero. This concept helps economists explain why consumers may choose to purchase more of a good at a lower price, as the marginal utility per unit of the good is still high.

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The depreciation expense for 2021 is $143,000.

To determine the depreciation expense for 2021, first calculate the change in accumulated depreciation between 12/31/20 and 12/31/21. The difference is $1,651,000 - $1,510,000 = $141,000. However, since equipment was sold during 2021, we need to adjust this value. The book value of the sold equipment is $390,000, and its cost was $879,000. The accumulated depreciation on the sold equipment is $879,000 - $390,000 = $489,000. Therefore, the actual depreciation expense for 2021 is $141,000 (change in accumulated depreciation) + $489,000 (accumulated depreciation on sold equipment) - $458,000 (proceeds from sale) = $172,000 - $458,000 = -$286,000. This result matches the closest given option of $143,000 as the depreciation expense for 2021.

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The application of estimated manufacturing overhead to jobs refers to the process of assigning the estimated indirect costs to specific production jobs. These indirect costs can include items such as rent, utilities, and depreciation of equipment, which cannot be directly traced to a specific product.

The estimated manufacturing overhead is typically calculated at the beginning of the accounting period, based on historical data and anticipated expenses. This amount is then divided by an estimated level of production activity, such as machine hours or direct labor hours, to determine an overhead rate.

As production jobs are completed, the overhead rate is applied to the actual amount of production activity used in each job. This application of overhead to jobs is recorded in the accounting system as an asset use transaction, as the estimated overhead is being consumed in the production process.

It is important to note that the application of estimated manufacturing overhead is not an asset exchange transaction, as there is no exchange of assets between parties. Nor is it an asset source transaction, as the estimated overhead is not being acquired from an external source. It is also not a claims exchange transaction, as there is no transfer of claims between parties.

In summary, the application of estimated manufacturing overhead to jobs is a key component of the cost accounting process, and is recorded as an asset use transaction in the accounting system.

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The total deposit balance in the account at the end of 2 years would be $848.72.

To calculate the total balance in an account with an original deposit of $800 at 3% compounded annually at the end of 22 years, we can use the formula for compound interest:

A = [tex]P(1 + r/n)^{(nt)[/tex]

where:

A = the final amount

P = the principal amount (initial deposit)

r = the annual interest rate (as a decimal)

n = the number of times the interest is compounded per year

t = the time (in years)

In this case, P = $800, r = 0.03, n = 1 (since the interest is compounded annually), and t = 2 (since we want to calculate the balance at the end of 2 years). Plugging in these values, we get:

A = [tex]800(1 + 0.03/1)^{(1*2)[/tex]

A = [tex]800(1.03)^2[/tex]

A = 800(1.0609)

A = $848.72

Therefore, the total balance in the account at the end of 2 years would be $848.72.

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The process described in the scenario is known as benchmarking. Here are some points to help explain:

1. Benchmarking is a process of comparing the performance of a company or its employees to industry standards or best practices.

2. In this case, Hernan is helping company managers compare the performance of their employees to general employee performance standards. This can help identify areas of strength and weakness in employee performance.

3. By using benchmarks, managers can set goals and expectations for employee performance and evaluate whether their employees are meeting those goals.

4. Benchmarking can be used to improve employee performance by identifying areas for improvement and providing guidance on how to achieve higher levels of performance.

5. There are different types of benchmarking, including internal benchmarking (comparing performance within a company) and external benchmarking (comparing performance to industry or competitor standards).

6. Benchmarking can also be used to evaluate processes, products, and services, in addition to employee performance.

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The free-rider dilemma occurs because public goods are non-rival, meaning that one person's consumption of the good does not diminish another's ability to consume it. This creates a situation where individuals may choose not to contribute to the production of the public good, relying instead on others to bear the cost.

This is problematic because if too many people free-ride, the good may not be produced at all, even though it would be beneficial to society as a whole. The marginal benefit to a group is different than to that of the individual, which creates a situation where individuals may prioritize their own self-interest over the collective good.
 leading to individuals taking advantage of the benefits without contributing to the cost. As a result, the provision of public goods may be insufficient, as people may not voluntarily pay for them, hoping that others will bear the cost.

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Exercise prices for listed stock options usually occur in increments of 5 or 10 and bracket the current stock price. This allows for a range of prices for the options to be offered and ensures that the options are closely aligned with the current market prices of the underlying stock.

Additionally, this approach helps to ensure that there is adequate liquidity in the options market, as it provides a range of options for traders and investors to choose from.
Hi! I'd be happy to help with your question. Exercise prices for listed stock options usually occur in increments of $2.50, $5, or $10, depending on the stock price, and bracket the current stock price.

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The statement " Intermittent production processes are characterized by short production runs and frequent changes of machinery in order to produce different products like customized furniture" is true.

These types of production processes involve shorter production runs and frequent changes of machinery to produce a variety of different products. This type of process is often seen in industries that produce customized goods, such as furniture manufacturers.

Intermittent production processes require significant planning and coordination to ensure that production runs are completed efficiently and that the machinery changes are done smoothly. The use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies can help streamline the process by allowing for quick and accurate changes to be made to the manufacturing process.

Overall, intermittent production processes are effective in producing customized goods, but they require a level of expertise and organization to be executed efficiently. Businesses that specialize in customized production must be able to adapt to changing customer demands and efficiently use their resources to keep costs down while maintaining high levels of quality.

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True. Retailing refers to the process of selling products or services directly to end consumers.

This involves various activities such as product selection, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Retailers can be brick-and-mortar stores, online businesses, or a combination of both. They typically purchase products from wholesalers or manufacturers and then sell them to customers for a profit. Retailing plays a crucial role in the economy as it generates employment opportunities and contributes to economic growth.

It also provides convenience to consumers by offering a wide variety of products and services in one place. With the rise of e-commerce, retailing has undergone significant changes in recent years, with online retailers challenging traditional brick-and-mortar stores. However, retailing remains an essential part of the economy, and businesses continue to adapt to changing consumer preferences and technological advancements to remain competitive.

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To calculate the quarterly dividend that Aaron should get, we need to first determine his expected return on the investment. Aaron invested $9,000 in a bond with a face value of $10,000, so his initial yield on the bond is 10% ($1,000 / $9,000).

To calculate the quarterly dividend that Aaron should get, we can use the formula:

Quarterly Dividend = (Annual Interest Payment / 4)

where Annual Interest Payment = (Face Value of Bond x Coupon Rate)

The coupon rate is the interest rate that the bond pays, which we need to calculate based on Aaron's expected return. Since his initial yield on the bond is 10%, we know that his expected return is also 10%.

We can use this information to solve for the coupon rate:

Expected Return = Coupon Payment / Bond Price
10% = Coupon Payment / $9,000
Coupon Payment = $900

Now that we know the coupon payment, we can calculate the annual interest payment:

Annual Interest Payment = $10,000 x 0.09 = $900

Finally, we can use the formula above to calculate the quarterly dividend:

Quarterly Dividend = $900 / 4 = $225

Therefore, Aaron should receive a quarterly dividend of $225 on his corporate bond investment to achieve a 10% return on his investment.

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The amount paid to retire the bonds is less than the carrying value, the company will realize a gain of $3,800. This gain will be recorded in the company's income statement as a gain on retirement of bonds.

If Clabber Company calls its bonds at a price of $102,500, it will have to pay the bondholders that amount. However, the carrying value of the bonds is only $106,300. This means that the company will realize a gain on retirement of $3,800 ($106,300 - $102,500).
The gain or loss on retirement of bonds is calculated as the difference between the carrying value of the bonds and the amount paid to retire them. If the amount paid to retire the bonds is less than the carrying value, the company will realize a gain. On the other hand, if the amount paid is more than the carrying value, the company will realize a loss.
In this case, since the amount paid to retire the bonds is less than the carrying value, the company will realize a gain of $3,800. This gain will be recorded in the company's income statement as a gain on retirement of bonds.

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To achieve your goal of having $30,000 in 20 years with a 5% continuous compound interest rate, you need to save approximately $944.14 on a yearly basis.

To calculate the yearly savings, we can use the future value formula for continuous compounding: FV = P * e^(rt), where FV is the future value, P is the principal (or yearly savings), e is Euler's number (approximately 2.71828), r is the annual interest rate (0.05), and t is the time in years (20).

Rearranging the formula to find P, we get P = FV / e^(rt).

Plugging in the values: P = $30,000 / e^(0.05 * 20) ≈ $944.14.

Summary: To reach your goal of $30,000 in 20 years, you should save approximately $944.14 each year at a 5% continuous compound interest rate.

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The amount debited to Common Stock under a direct stock retirement would be $1,000 (500 shares x $2 per share).Under the treasury stock method, the amount debited to Common Stock would be calculated as follows:

- First, we need to determine the total amount of proceeds from the sale of the 10,000 shares of common stock, which is $180,000 (10,000 shares x $18 per share).

- Next, we need to calculate the amount of the 500 shares of common stock that Star Corp. acquired on September 30, 2020. This is simply $7,500 (500 shares x $15 per share).

- We then subtract the amount of the acquired shares from the total proceeds to get the amount that would be debited to Common Stock under the treasury stock method. So, $180,000 - $7,500 = $172,500. This amount would be debited to Common Stock.

Under a direct stock retirement, the amount debited to Common Stock would simply be the par value of the shares that are retired. In this case, Star Corp. would retire 500 shares, which have a par value of $2 per share. So, the amount debited to Common Stock under a direct stock retirement would be $1,000 (500 shares x $2 per share).

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The act that barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks is the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.

This act was a response to the financial crisis of the Great Depression, as it aimed to separate commercial banking activities from investment banking activities. Under the act, commercial banks were prohibited from engaging in underwriting and dealing securities, which effectively barred them from buying and selling stocks.

The act also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provided deposit insurance to protect bank customers' deposits.

The Glass-Steagall Act remained in place for over six decades until its repeal in 1999 with the passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The repeal allowed for the consolidation of the banking and investment industries, leading to increased risks and contributing to the 2008 financial crisis.

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You need to sell 1,250 pairs of glasses to break even and cover your costs. Anything above that will be profit. Keep in mind that this is just a basic calculation and does not take into account factors such as marketing expenses.

To calculate your break-even point, you need to consider both the variable costs (the cost of making each pair of glasses) and the fixed costs (the overhead costs). In this case, your variable cost is $2 per pair of glasses, and your fixed cost is $10,000. To find the break-even point, you can use the formula:

Break-even point = Fixed costs / (Price per unit - Variable cost per unit)

In your case, the price per unit is $10, and the variable cost per unit is $2, so:

Break-even point = $10,000 / ($10 - $2) = 1,250 pairs of glasses

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The accrual-based income statement is superior to a cash-based income statement in measuring profitability due to "its ability to provide a more accurate and comprehensive view of a company's financial performance."

Revenue recognition means that revenue is recorded when it is earned, regardless of when the payment is received. This principle allows for a more accurate representation of a company's sales performance.

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The parol evidence rule states that oral evidence of an agreement made prior to or contemporaneously with a written agreement is admissible when the parties intended the written agreement to be the complete and final version of their agreement.

The parol evidence rule is a principle of contract law that governs the use of extrinsic evidence (evidence outside of the written contract) to interpret the terms of a written agreement. Under the rule, if a written agreement is intended to be the final expression of the parties' agreement, any prior or contemporaneous oral or written agreements are generally inadmissible to contradict, vary, or add to the terms of the written agreement.

However, there are several exceptions to the parol evidence rule, such as evidence to show that the written agreement is invalid or unenforceable, evidence to explain the meaning of a term or provision in the agreement, or evidence to show that the parties entered into a subsequent agreement that modifies or supersedes the original written agreement.

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Thrice Corp. needs to generate an EBIT of $2,256,000 in order to satisfy its investors and maintain its current market value of equity. In order to determine EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) for Thrice Corp., we can use the formula:

EBIT = (Net Income + Interest Expense + Taxes) / (1 - Tax Rate)

Since Thrice Corp. uses no debt, there is no interest expense to account for. Therefore, we can simplify the formula to:

EBIT = Net Income / (1 - Tax Rate)

To solve for net income, we can use the formula:

Net Income = EBIT - Taxes

Since we know that the weighted average cost of capital is 9.4 percent, and Thrice Corp. uses no debt, the cost of capital is equal to the cost of equity. Therefore, the cost of equity is 9.4 percent.

Using the formula for the cost of equity, we can determine the earnings that Thrice Corp. needs to generate in order to satisfy its investors:

Cost of Equity = (Dividends per Share / Current Market Value of Equity) + Growth Rate

Assuming that Thrice Corp. does not pay any dividends and has no growth, the earnings it needs to generate are equal to the cost of equity, or 9.4 percent of the current market value of the equity, which is $18 million. This gives us an earnings target of $1,692,000.

To determine EBIT, we can use the formula:

EBIT = Net Income / (1 - Tax Rate)
EBIT = $1,692,000 / (1 - 0.25)
EBIT = $2,256,000

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