TIME = 45 MIN, (EXTRA TIME 56 MIN) Paper 1 Section A. Interpretation A. Taken from an interview by Dr. Ruth Henig an historian, Lancaster University. Compared to the treaties which Germany had imposed on defeated Russia and Rumania in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles was quite moderate. It stripped Germany of just over 13 per cent of her territory, much of which, in the shape of Alsace and Lorraine, was returned to France. It also reduced Germany's economic productivity by about 13 per cent and her population by 10 per cent. Germany lost all of her colonies and her large merchant vessels, 75 per cent of her iron ore deposits and 26 per cent of her coal... Interpretation B: Taken from a book; "The real story behind Versailles." Written in 1961 by Walter Schmitt. He was a soldier in the German army during the war. Explain your answer with reference to both events. (12m) The treaty was nothing more than victors' justice. The idea that it was a fair settlement is ludicrous...Apart from the Rhineland area we never saw allied troops in Germany, none in our capital Berlin! We didn't lose we were betrayed by politicians. The treaty simply served to destroy the economy and the ability of the German people to recover from war. It was designed to punish and humiliate! 1) How do interpretations A and B differ about the impact of the treaty of Versailles on Germany and its people? (4m). 2) Why do interpretations A and B differ about the impact of the treaty of Versailles on Germany and its people? (4m). 3) Which interpretation is the more convincing about the impact of the treaty of Versailles on Germany and its people? (8m) Use the information in the interpretation and your own knowledge to explain your answer. 4) In what ways was the Weimar government affected by the existence of extreme left and right-wing political groups? (8m) 5) Which of the following had the greater impact on the German people: • The Treaty of Versailles. ● The Hyperinflation crisis of 1923?​

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Answer 1

Note that he purpose of this prompt is to analyze the historical importance and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

How did the Treaty of Versailles create an impact ?

Ac ording to the distinct perspectives of it s authors, the interpretation of the Treaty of Versailles can be viewed in 2ways. Interpretation A claims that it was a moderate treaty, stripping Germany only of minimal territory, economic productivity, and population.

On the other side, Interpretation B portrays it as nothing more than an act of victors' justice and a deliberate attempt to obliterate the German economy and people. The differences in these interpretations reflect individual biases and standpoints. For instance, Dr. Ruth Henig's approach may have been impartial towards this subject matter by conducting a factual analysis on the actual effects of this treaty on Germany.

While it is challenging to establish the more compelling interpretation between Interpretation A and Interpretation B regarding the effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, both hold their own strengths. Where Interpretation A presents statistical data and factual analysis, Interpretation B offers a subjective account from someone who lived through its aftermath. Nevertheless, given that Interpretation B contains Walter Schmitt's bias as a German soldier during World War I, objectivity favors Interpretation A.

Despite the Weimar government's best efforts, violent extreme left and right-wing groups in Germany created a polarized and uneasy environment wrought with instability.

The government's difficulties were compounded by their struggles to implement meaningful reforms, further exacerbating matters. Alongside these factors, both the Treaty of Versailles and hyperinflation events acted as key catalysts in shaping German politics at the time by producing profound economic hardships that plunged citizens into poverty.

While the impact of the Hyperinflation crisis on the German people could be perceived as gradual, it was a highly tangible and pressing issue that demanded immediate attention.

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The 1920 Shapley-Curtis debate on the nature of spiral nebulae was inconclusive because the evidence available at the time was not sufficient to provide a definitive answer to the question of whether these objects were part of our Milky Way galaxy or separate "island universes" outside of it.

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