The ________ layer in the hybrid TCP/IP-OSI architecture comes from OSI. The ________ layer in the hybrid TCP/IP-OSI architecture comes from OSI. transport physical applications subnet

The type of data integrity constraint that states that the value entered for any field should be consistent with the data type for that field is called a "data type constraint" or "data format constraint".

This type of constraint ensures that the data entered into a field matches the specified data type for that field, such as ensuring that a numeric field contains only numbers, a date field contains only valid dates, or a text field contains only letters or specific characters. If the data entered does not match the specified data type or format, the database management system will raise an error or reject the input, thereby maintaining the data integrity of the database.

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Using 20 bits for the network part of a Class B address would allow for 1,048,576 possible networks, but each network would only be able to support up to 4,094 hosts due to the limited number of bits available for the host part.

Class B addresses consist of 16 bits for the network part and 16 bits for the host part. This allows for a total of 65,536 possible networks, with each network being able to support up to 65,534 hosts.

However, if 20 bits had been used for the network part instead of 16 bits, this would have allowed for a much larger number of networks.

With 20 bits for the network part, there would be[tex]2^{20}[/tex]possible network addresses, or 1,048,576 networks.
While this may seem like a significant increase, it's important to note that using more bits for the network part also reduces the number of bits available for the host part.

In this case, only 12 bits would be available for the host part, which would limit the number of hosts that could be supported on each network to 4,094 hosts.

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To allow your recently installed IDS to capture and record network traffic, you need to configure your switch to enable port mirroring (also known as SPAN). This will duplicate the network traffic from other ports to the specific port connected to your IDS, allowing it to monitor and analyze the traffic effectively.

You need to configure your switch to mirror or span the traffic to the port where the IDS is connected. This will allow the IDS to see all the traffic passing through the switch and analyze it for potential threats. You can set up port mirroring or SPAN on your switch by accessing its configuration interface and specifying the source and destination ports for the traffic mirroring. Make sure to follow the instructions provided by your switch vendor and test the configuration to ensure that your IDS is receiving the expected traffic.

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A register is a storage cell that holds the operands of an arithmetic operation and that, when the operation is complete, holds its result. Registers are an essential component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and are used to store data temporarily during the execution of a program.

Registers can hold different types of data, including integers, floating-point numbers, and memory addresses, and are typically accessed using assembly language instructions. The number and size of registers available in a CPU can vary depending on the architecture of the processor, and different processors may use different register naming conventions. Overall, registers play a critical role in the efficient execution of computer programs and are an essential building block of modern computing systems.

A register is a storage cell that holds the operands of an arithmetic operation and that, when the operation is complete, holds its result.

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The network operating system enables multiple client devices to communicate with the server and each other, to share resources, to run applications, and to send messages.    

A multiple clients operating system that controls the software and hardware that runs on a Network. It enables multiple client devices to communicate with the server and each other, share resources, run applications, and send messages with the help of Network Operating System (NOS).

Therefore, an Operating system for computers known as a "network operating system" (NOS) is primarily made to handle workstations, personal computers, and occasionally older terminals that are linked together over a local area network (LAN).

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When formatted as a date, the results of EDATE(Start_Date,3) if the contents of Start_Date is 10/30/2018 would be 01/30/2019.

The EDATE function in Excel adds a specified number of months to a given date. In this case, adding 3 months to October 30th, 2018 would result in January 30th, 2019. When formatting the cell as a date, the output will display in the desired format (MM/DD/YYYY). It is important to note that the EDATE function only adds whole months, so the resulting date may not be the exact number of days after the original date.

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(R(a, a,c)VR(a,b,c)) is false as there is no tuple in R where a=2 and b=2 and (R(a, b, c) R(c, b, a)) is true as there is a tuple in R where a=2, b=3, and c=6, and another tuple where a=3, b=2, and c=6

In the given interpretation, for the first formula (R(a, a,c)VR(a,b,c)), we need to check if there is any tuple in R where a=2 and b=2.

As there is no such tuple, the formula is false.

For the second formula (R(a, b, c) R(c, b, a)), we need to check if there is any tuple in R where a=2, b=3, and c=6, and another tuple where a=3, b=2, and c=6.

As there are tuples satisfying both conditions, the formula is true.

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MPLS routers base their decisions on a packet's label number, which is added to the packet header by the ingress router. This label number is used to create a forwarding equivalence class (FEC), which is a group of packets that are forwarded in the same way. The label number is used to determine the next-hop router and outgoing interface for the packet.

In addition to the label number, MPLS routers also take into account the destination IP address of the packet. This is because MPLS is often used in conjunction with IP routing, and the ultimate destination of the packet is determined by the IP address. The MPLS label is used to optimize the forwarding of the packet between MPLS routers, while the IP address is used to determine the ultimate destination of the packet.

When content is loaded onto MPLS routers, it is typically associated with a particular FEC and label number. This allows the MPLS routers to quickly and efficiently forward the content to its intended destination. By using label switching rather than IP routing, MPLS can improve the speed and efficiency of network traffic, particularly for large amounts of data or real-time applications such as video streaming.

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Protected allows subclasses to access variables or functions within its encapsulation. Additionally, it restricts other classes from accessing those same variables or functions. This helps maintain the integrity of the encapsulated content loaded into the class.

Subclasses are useful in OOP because they allow for code reuse and simplification. By creating a superclass with common properties and methods, subclasses can inherit these properties and methods without having to redefine them. This can help to reduce code duplication and improve code organization.

In object-oriented programming (OOP), a subclass is a class that is derived from another class, known as the superclass. The subclass inherits all the properties and methods of the superclass, and can also have its own unique properties and methods.

To create a subclass, the "extends" keyword is used in the definition of the new class, followed by the name of the superclass. For example, consider a superclass called "Vehicle", which has properties like "make", "model", and "year". A subclass called "Car" can be created from this superclass.

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The IT network includes the following:

Improved communication, Increased security risks, Interoperability challenges, Increased complexity and Enhanced collaboration

The impact of adding direct network connections between SCADA networks and the enterprise IT network includes the following:

Improved communication: Direct connections facilitate faster and more efficient data exchange, leading to better decision-making and resource allocation in both networks.

Increased security risks: Connecting the SCADA and IT networks can create potential vulnerabilities, as cyber-attacks or malware incidents can spread more easily between the two networks.

Interoperability challenges: Integrating SCADA systems with IT networks may require overcoming compatibility issues due to differences in protocols, software, and hardware.

Increased complexity: Managing direct connections between SCADA and IT networks can add to the overall complexity of the system, requiring additional resources and expertise for monitoring and maintenance.

Enhanced collaboration: Direct connections allow for better collaboration between teams managing the SCADA and IT networks, leading to improved troubleshooting and overall system performance.

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To design a binary multiplier that multiplies two 3-bit numbers using AND gates and a binary adder, we can follow these steps:

Use three sets of AND gates to multiply each bit of the first 3-bit number with each bit of the second 3-bit number. This will result in nine partial products, each represented by a 2-bit number Add the partial products together using a combination of half-adders (HA) and full-adders (FA). We can use two HAs and one FA to add the partial products in a cascading fashion.The result of the multiplication will be a 6-bit number, which can be represented as a sum of two 3-bit numbers. The first 3-bit number will be the lower three bits of the result, while the second 3-bit number will be the upper three bits of the result.Overall, this design uses a total of 9 AND gates, 2 half-adders, and 1 full-adder to implement the binary multiplication of two 3-bit numbers.

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A snap-in is an individual application on the tree pane of an MMC that can be added or dropped from the tree list easily.


In the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), a snap-in is a tool or utility that can be added to the tree pane on the left side of the console. Snap-ins allow users to manage various aspects of their computer or network, such as device drivers, system settings, or user accounts.

Snap-ins can be added or removed from the console with ease, making them a flexible and convenient way to manage different tools and utilities. To add a snap-in to the MMC, users simply click the "File" menu, select "Add/Remove Snap-in," and choose the desired tool or utility from the list. Once added, the snap-in will appear in the tree pane, where users can access its features and settings.

Overall, snap-ins are an important part of the MMC, providing users with a customizable and extensible management console that can be tailored to their specific needs.

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A database access plan, also known as a database execution plan or query execution plan, is a set of instructions generated at application compilation time that predetermines how the application will connect to and communicate with the database at run time.

The plan enlist the most appropriate way for the database management system (DBMS) to execute the SQL statements issued by the application, considering factors such as database indexes, table statistics, and available system resources.

By following the access plan, the DBMS can optimize query execution and improve the overall performance of the application.

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The total noise exposure from all four machines running simultaneously is 95 dB.

The total noise exposure from all four machines running simultaneously can be calculated using the following formula:

L_total = 10 log_10 (sum of 10^(L_i/10))

where L_i is the noise level of the i-th machine.

Substituting the given noise levels for each machine, we get:

L_total = 10 log_10 (10^9.5 + 10^9 + 10^8.2 + 10^7.7)

Simplifying the expression inside the logarithm:

L_total = 10 log_10 (3.1623 x 10^9)

L_total = 10 x 9.5

L_total = 95 dB

Therefore, the total noise exposure from all four machines running simultaneously is 95 dB.

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Aside from cost, the main factor that constrains embedded systems in terms of computing and networking is the limited hardware resources available. Unlike traditional computers that have vast resources such as storage, memory, and processing power, embedded systems are typically designed to be compact and energy-efficient, with limited resources to work with.

This means that the system must carefully allocate and manage its resources to effectively perform its intended tasks. Additionally, the hardware and software components used in embedded systems must be carefully selected and optimized to ensure they work well together, as well as being tailored to the specific requirements of the system. This often involves making trade-offs between functionality, performance, and power consumption, as well as considering factors such as temperature, size, and weight. Furthermore, the nature of embedded systems means that they are often deployed in challenging environments, such as in remote or harsh locations, where access to reliable power and network connectivity may be limited. This can further constrain the system's ability to compute and network efficiently. Overall, while cost is an important factor to consider when designing embedded systems, it is just one of many factors that must be taken into account to ensure that the system is capable of effectively performing its intended tasks.

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The given statement "Consider a traditional (stateless) packet filter. This packet filter may filter packets based on TCP flag bits as well as other header fields" is True because TCP flag bits are used to indicate various control functions such as initiating a connection, terminating a connection, or requesting an acknowledgment.

These flags can be used to filter out unwanted traffic, such as SYN flood attacks which use a large number of SYN packets with the intent of overwhelming the target system. By filtering out packets with specific TCP flag bits, a traditional packet filter can help prevent such attacks. In addition to TCP flag bits, a packet filter can also filter packets based on other header fields such as the source and destination IP addresses, source and destination port numbers, and protocol type.

By examining these header fields, the packet filter can determine whether a packet should be allowed through or blocked. One limitation of a traditional packet filter is that it is stateless, meaning it cannot maintain information about previous packets in a session. However, despite this limitation, packet filters remain a commonly used tool for basic network security as they are relatively simple to configure and can provide an initial level of protection against many types of attacks.

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The distributed routing algorithm in a 50-router network would chew up approximately 800 bits of bandwidth per second per full-duplex line if delays are recorded as 8-bit numbers and delay vectors are exchanged twice a second.

To consider how the distributed routing algorithm works. In a network with multiple routers, each router needs to know the best path to reach every other router in the network. To do this, routers exchange information about the delays or costs associated with different routes.

Delays are recorded as 8-bit numbers, which means that each delay value requires 8 bits or 1 byte of data. If there are 50 routers in the network, then each router needs to exchange delay vectors with 49 other routers, twice a second. This means that each router sends out 49 x 8 = 392 bits of data per exchange and receives the same amount of data back, for a total of 784 bits per second per full-duplex line.

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To solve this problem, we will need to iterate through the array of small strings and check if each one is contained within the big string. We can do this by using the built-in method .includes() on the big string, which will return true or false depending on whether the small string is found within the big string.

To store the boolean values for each small string, we can create a new array and append the result of each .includes() call to it. This will give us an array of booleans, where each element corresponds to whether the small string at that index is contained within the big string.

We can write a function in JavaScript to implement this logic:

function findStrings(bigString, smallStrings) {
 const results = [];
 for (let i = 0; i < smallStrings.length; i++) {
   results.push(bigString.includes(smallStrings[i]));
 }
 return results;
}

Here, the findStrings() function takes in the big string and an array of small strings as parameters. It initializes an empty array called results to store the boolean values. Then, it iterates through the array of small strings using a for loop and checks if each one is contained within the big string using .includes(). The boolean result of each .includes() call is then appended to the results array using the push() method. Finally, the function returns the results array.

This function will work for any input big string and array of small strings, as long as the small strings are all smaller in length than the big string. It is an efficient way to check for multiple substrings within a larger string, and can be easily adapted to handle more complex use cases.

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The case in which the problem can be solved without recursion is called the base case.

Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself in order to solve a problem. However, if the function were to call itself indefinitely, it would result in an infinite loop and crash the program. Therefore, to prevent this, a base case is established in which the problem can be solved without recursion.

When solving a problem recursively, it is essential to identify the base case(s) for the function. This ensures that the function has a clear exit point and does not result in infinite recursion, which could lead to a stack overflow or other issues. Once the base case is identified, the recursive function can then be written to handle more complex cases by breaking them down into smaller instances of the same problem, eventually reaching the base case(s).

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The row that describes the top student in a student database, including their LastName, FirstName, and StudentNumber, is an example of a record or a tuple.

A record or a tuple is a collection of related data fields that are treated as a single entity. In a database, a record represents a row in a table, and each field within the record represents a column.

In database terminology, a record is a collection of related data items stored in a single row, representing a specific instance of an entity, such as a student in this case. Each attribute, such as LastName, FirstName, and StudentNumber, is stored in a separate column within that row.

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There are several disadvantages to separating the compilation process of Java source code into bytecode .

Then executing a second step to link and execute the Java bytecode:

Slower execution: The additional step of linking and executing the bytecode can slow down the overall execution process.

Increased complexity: The separation of the compilation process into multiple steps can increase the complexity of the development process, as developers need to ensure that the bytecode is correctly linked and executed.

Increased memory usage: The bytecode needs to be stored in memory during the execution process, which can result in increased memory usage.

Potential for compatibility issues: Different versions of the Java bytecode may not be compatible with each other, which can lead to compatibility issues when executing bytecode compiled with different versions of the Java compiler.

Security risks: Because the bytecode is stored in a separate file, there is a risk that it could be intercepted and modified by unauthorized individuals, potentially introducing security vulnerabilities into the system.

In summary, while separating the compilation process of Java source code into bytecode and executing it in a separate step offers some benefits, such as platform independence and flexibility, it also introduces some disadvantages, including slower execution, increased complexity, and potential security risks.

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The number of bits required for each field of the address are as follows:

Byte offset: 2 bits

Word index: 5 bits

Set index: 19 bits

Tag: 6 bits

To determine the number of bits required for each field of the address, we need to know the sizes of the main memory, cache, line, and set.

Given:

Main memory size = 2 GB = 2^31 bytes (since 1 GB = 2^30 bytes)

Cache size = 16 MB = 2^24 bytes

Line size = 32 words = 32 x 4 bytes = 128 bytes

Associativity = 8-way

To calculate the number of sets in the cache:

Number of Sets = Cache Size / (Associativity x Line Size)

Number of Sets = 2^24 bytes / (8 x 128 bytes) = 2^19 sets

To determine the number of bits required for each field of the address:

Byte offset: The byte offset field specifies the byte within a word and requires log2(Word size) bits. Since the word size is 4 bytes, the byte offset field requires log2(4) = 2 bits.

Word index: The word index field identifies the word within a cache line and requires log2(Number of words per line) bits. Since each line contains 32 words, the word index field requires log2(32) = 5 bits.

Set index: The set index field identifies the set within the cache and requires log2(Number of sets) bits. From the calculation above, we have 2^19 sets, so the set index field requires log2(2^19) = 19 bits.

Tag: The tag field identifies the memory block and requires the remaining bits of the address after the byte offset, word index, and set index fields have been determined. Therefore, the tag field requires 32 - 2 - 5 - 19 = 6 bits.

Therefore, the number of bits required for each field of the address are as follows:

Byte offset: 2 bits

Word index: 5 bits

Set index: 19 bits

Tag: 6 bits

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True. Functional capabilities for providing smooth and easy navigation within a form include cursor-control, editing, exit, and help capabilities.

Cursor control enables users to move the cursor or selection to a desired location within a form. This is important to allow users to easily make corrections to their input and avoid errors.

Editing capabilities are also important to allow users to make changes to their input as they go along. This includes features like copy-paste, undo, and redo, which can make the process of filling out a form much more efficient and less frustrating.

Exit capabilities, such as a cancel or close button, are also important to allow users to easily leave a form if they need to. This can help prevent users from becoming frustrated or giving up on the form if they feel trapped or unable to exit.

Help capabilities, such as tooltips or contextual help, provide users with additional information or guidance when needed. This can be especially helpful for complex or unfamiliar forms, and can help prevent users from making errors or becoming confused.

Overall, these functional capabilities are essential for providing a smooth and easy user experience when filling out forms.

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The process known as normalization is used to prevent data anomalies such as update, insertion, and deletion anomalies.

Normalization is a database design technique that organizes tables in a manner that reduces data redundancy and improves data integrity. By dividing larger tables into smaller, more manageable tables and establishing relationships between them, normalization ensures that each piece of data is stored in only one place, thus reducing the chances of update, insertion, and deletion anomalies.

To avoid update, insertion, and deletion anomalies in a database, normalization is the preferred process to organize and structure data efficiently and maintain data integrity.

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A single computer chip in a smartphone today commonly may have multiple CPUs operating concurrently.

A single computer chip in a smartphone today commonly may have multiple (often 4, 6, or 8) CPUs operating concurrently. These CPUs are called "Multi-core" processors, as they consist of several cores within one chip, allowing for parallel processing and improved performance.

Therefore, these multiple CPUs, also known as cores, allow for improved performance and multitasking capabilities in modern smartphones.

Moreover, CPU is the brain of a computer system. It has a cache memory to hold data to be processed, bus line to run the data to processing unit and various chips to speedily process the data. It stands for Central processing unit.  

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The Microsoft .NET Framework is a component-based platform for developing distributed, heterogeneous, interoperable applications aimed at manipulating any type of data over any network under any operating system and any programming language. The framework provides a programming model, a common runtime environment, and a set of class libraries that enable developers to build a wide range of applications.

The .NET Framework provides a number of advantages for developers, including a unified programming model that allows developers to use multiple programming languages to build applications, a common runtime environment that provides automatic memory management and other features, and a set of class libraries that provide a wide range of functionality that can be used by developers.

The .NET Framework also provides a number of features that make it well-suited for building distributed applications, including support for web services, message queues, and other messaging technologies. The framework also provides a number of security features, including support for encryption, authentication, and authorization.

Overall, the .NET Framework provides a powerful platform for building a wide range of applications, from desktop applications to web applications to mobile applications.

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To compute the given expressions in binary, we need to perform the logical operation of "AND" between the two binary numbers. The "AND" operation returns a 1 in each bit position where both operands have a 1 and 0 in all other bit positions.

a. 01010111 AND 1101011
The "AND" operation between the two numbers gives us:
01010111  AND  1101011
Therefore, the result in binary is 0101011.
b. 101 AND 110
The "AND" operation between the two numbers gives us:
101 AND 110
Therefore, the result in binary is 100.
c. 11100000 AND 10110100
The "AND" operation between the two numbers gives us:
11100000 AND 10110100
Therefore, the result in binary is 10100000.
d. 00011111 AND 10110100
The "AND" operation between the two numbers gives us:
00011111 AND 10110100
Therefore, the result in binary is 00010100.
e. (0011 AND 0110) AND 1101
First, we perform the "AND" operation between 0011 and 0110, which gives us:
0011 AND 0110 = 0010
Then, we perform the "AND" operation between the result (0010) and 1101, which gives us:
0010 AND 1101
Therefore, the result in binary is 0000.
f. 0011 AND (0110 AND 1101)
First, we perform the "AND" operation between 0110 and 1101, which gives us:
0110 AND 1101= 0100
Then, we perform the "AND" operation between the result (0100) and 0011, which gives us:
0100 AND 0011

Therefore, the result in binary is 0000.
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An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform specific tasks within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is typically integrated into a larger device or system and may have limited processing power, memory, and user interface capabilities. Embedded systems are commonly used in consumer electronics, automotive, medical devices, and industrial automation.

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The social model of disability is a theoretical framework that posits that disability is not an inherent characteristic of a person but rather a result of social and environmental barriers. In this model, disability is viewed as a product of society's failure to provide adequate accommodations for individuals with impairments. The focus is on removing the barriers that prevent individuals with disabilities from participating fully in society.

An example of a manifestation of a disability in the social model would be an individual with limited hand function not being able to access a computer due to a lack of voice recognition software. The issue is not with the individual's disability but with the lack of accommodation provided by society. If voice recognition software were provided, the individual would be able to access the computer and participate fully in society.

The social model of disability has important implications for the way society approaches disability. Rather than viewing disability as an individual problem, it is seen as a societal issue that requires societal solutions. This means that society has a responsibility to ensure that individuals with disabilities are provided with the necessary accommodations to participate fully in all aspects of life. By removing barriers and providing accommodations, society can ensure that individuals with disabilities are able to realize their full potential and contribute to society in meaningful ways.

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NAT enhances security by both A and B, which means it enhances security by preventing sniffers from learning internal IP addresses and through its inherent features that make it difficult for external attackers to target specific devices within the network.

NAT stands for Network Address Translation, which is a technique used to translate private IP addresses within a local network to public IP addresses used on the internet. NAT is commonly used in home and small business networks where a single public IP address is assigned to the router, and multiple devices on the local network share that public IP address.

NAT works by intercepting traffic from devices on the local network and replacing the private IP address of the device with the public IP address of the router. When the traffic reaches its destination on the internet, the destination server responds to the public IP address of the router, and the router uses its NAT table to translate the public IP address back to the private IP address of the device.

NAT can be implemented in several different ways, including static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). Static NAT maps a single private IP address to a single public IP address, while dynamic NAT uses a pool of public IP addresses to map to private IP addresses as needed. PAT is a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address by using different ports to distinguish between the different devices.

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