The ability to learn without being programmed is known as machine learning.
Organizations are increasingly relying on machines to learn from processes and data in order to gain better outcomes. Machine learning involves training algorithms to recognize patterns and make predictions or decisions based on that training. This can be done using large datasets and sophisticated statistical methods, such as neural networks, decision trees, or clustering algorithms. By learning from past data and processes, machines can improve their performance over time and make more accurate predictions or decisions. This can be especially useful in industries such as healthcare, finance, and marketing, where large amounts of data are generated and rapid decision-making is critical for success.
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To which of the following should a speaker pay special attention in a speech about a concept?
-avoiding technical language
-using examples and comparisons
-defining terms clearly
The speaker should pay special attention to defining terms clearly in a speech about a concept. Speech should be easy to understand. The correct option is C.
What is a speech?A speech is an address given to an audience or group of people with the purpose of communicating a message, idea, or opinion. It can be a formal or informal speech given to a small or large group of people.
Using technical language and jargon can make the speech difficult to understand. While comparisons and examples can help explain a concept, a speaker must ensure that the terms are defined and explained in the simplest way possible so that the audience can understand it clearly.
A speaker is a person who gives a speech to an audience or group of people. A speaker has to communicate effectively, engagingly, and succinctly to connect with the audience and convey their message efficiently.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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who determines the structure and function of tribal government
Tribal government structure and function is determined by the tribe itself, usually based on traditional customs, beliefs, and practices.
The specifics of the structure and functions of tribal governments vary widely between tribes, as each tribe is free to determine its own system of governance. Common features of tribal governments include an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch. The executive branch is typically responsible for carrying out the laws and ordinances enacted by the legislative branch, while the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting laws, adjudicating disputes, and providing remedies and redress.
Additionally, many tribes have created other government entities, such as economic and health departments, to manage certain areas of tribal governance.
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Question:
who determines the structure and function of tribal government?
transformational leadership group of answer choices helps followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the group. communicates high expectations. is a process in which leaders and followers exchange efforts for specified rewards. is an interactive process in which the leader tries to shift power to those who are being led.
Transformational leadership is a leadership style in which leaders encourage and empower their followers to transcend their own self-interests for the benefit of the group. Therefore, the correct answer is the first option.
Transformational leadership is a type of leadership style that involves inspiring and motivating followers to achieve higher levels of performance and success. This leadership style encourages followers to take ownership of their work and strive to improve their skills and abilities.
The transformational leader is seen as a visionary who is able to articulate a clear and compelling vision for the organization, and who is able to inspire and motivate followers to pursue that vision. This leadership style is characterized by a focus on collaboration and empowerment, rather than control and domination. Transformational leaders are able to inspire their followers to work towards a shared goal and to feel a sense of ownership and investment in the success of the organization.
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davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. now he is afraid of snakes. this apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: group of answer choices modeling. response discrimination. escape response. stimulus generalization.
The final answer are acquisition of fear of snakes that is exhibited by Davon after watching his father recoil from a snake in fear is an example of stimulus generalization. Stimulus generalization is the process by which stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.
When an organism generalizes a learned response to a new stimulus that is similar to the original, it is known as stimulus generalization. For example, a rat that has been taught to fear a particular tone might also fear other, somewhat different tones.
In this case, Davon witnessed his father's fear of a snake and generalizes his father's fear of snakes to all snakes as a result of the similar characteristics they share. When a person acquires a phobia of an object or situation, it's often as a result of stimulus generalization.
When a person with arachnophobia encounters a spider, for example, their fear response is triggered. The fear response is then generalized to any object or situation that resembles a spider in some way. This may occur when the person comes into contact with cobwebs, for example.
The correct option is stimulus generalization.
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rosa and aisha are playing with blocks. they are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. which stage of play are they engaging in? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices associative onlooker cooperative parallel
Rosa and Aisha are playing with blocks, working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. They are engaging in the cooperative stage of play.
What is play?
Play is a child's primary occupation. It is a type of activity that is done for its own sake. Play does not involve external goals and is not done for external reasons. It is spontaneous and voluntary.
Play can be classified into different stages:
Unoccupied play - The child appears to be unoccupied and does not appear to be playing. This is usually because the child is observing their surroundings and taking everything in.
Solitary play - The child is playing alone and is not interested in playing with others.
Onlooker play - The child is watching others play, but not actively participating. This is usually because the child is trying to learn how to play.
Associative play - The child is playing with others, but there is no common goal or rule. Children are not working towards the same goal.
Parallel play - The child is playing alongside other children, but is not engaging with them. Children are playing with the same or similar toys in the same area, but they are not playing together.
Cooperative play - Children are working towards a common goal. They are playing together and sharing ideas and toys, taking turns, and following the rules.
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Asim is Muslim; his spouse, Maria, is Catholic. Until they had to decide in which faith they would raise their children, religion had not been a(n) __________ difference.
a. co-cultural
b. intersectional
c. dialectical
d. salient
The correct answer is d. salient. Asim is Muslim; his spouse, Maria, is Catholic. Until they had to decide in which faith they would raise their children, religion had not been a salient difference.
What is a salient difference?Salient difference is the quality of being notable or important. Salience is determined by the importance, novelty, or relevance of a feature in a particular context. It refers to something that stands out or is noticeable.Asim and Maria, until they had to decide on which religion they would raise their children, did not have religion as a salient difference.
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What does property mean as a component of social class and how does it contribute to a person's social class standing?
"The property as a component of social class and it's contribution to a person's social class standing is determined by social subjectness of an individual in interaction with other individuals."
A social class is a group-ing of people into a set of hierarchical social cate-gories, the most com-mon being the upper, middle & lower classes. Social class consist of 3 components, such as property, power, & prestige. Property comes in sev-eral forms such as build-ings, land, animals, machine-ry, cars, and basic-ally anything that has owner-ship to it.
Property is all the wealth, invest-ments, deed-ed & titled properties, & other tangible sour-ces of income.
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According to Myers-Briggs type theory a preference for dealing with people and things rather than ideas would be considered a preference for..
A preference for dealing with people and things, rather than ideas, would be considered a preference for sensing.
What is Myers-Briggs type theory?According to the Myers-Briggs type theory, a preference for dealing with people and things rather than ideas would be considered a preference for sensing.
Sensing is one of the four psychological functions used in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a psychometric instrument that provides a measure of psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.
Sensing is a psychological preference that refers to a tendency to focus on information that is sensory, objective, and concrete. Sensing individuals are said to be more practical, detail-oriented, and attentive to their physical surroundings than intuitive individuals, who tend to be more abstract, theoretical, and future-oriented.
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yawning, eye-lid flashing, vocalizations and facial expressions represent what type of communication? agressive autonomic intentional emotional
Yawning, eyelid fla shing, vocalizations, and facial expressions represent intentional communication.
What is Intentional Communication?Intentional communication is any behavior or action that is intended to convey a message or meaning to another individual. While these behaviors may also have autonomic or emotional components, their primary function is to intentionally communicate information.
For example, a person might intentionally yawn to signal to others that they are tired or bored. Similarly, facial expressions and vocalizations are often used intentionally to convey emotions or thoughts. Eye-lid flashing or flutter ing can also be used as an intentional signal, such as to convey flir tation or attraction.
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Generally speaking, in steady state the capital-output ratio (K/Y) is equal to the savings rate divided by:
A.) The share of total income going to owners to capital.
B.) Capital per worker (K/L) .
C.) The slope of the breakeven-investment function.
D.) The marginal product of capital MPK.
E.) Either C.) or D.) but not A.) or B.)
In steady state, the capital-output ratio (K/Y) is equal to the savings rate divided by the marginal product of capital (MPK). So, option D is correct.
A macroeconomic concept known as the capital-output ratio (K/Y) calculates the amount of capital (K) needed to create one unit of output (Y). It is computed by dividing the overall capital stock of an economy by its entire production.
The capital-output ratio is a key idea in macroeconomics because it can be used to calculate the amount of investment necessary to generate a particular rate of economic growth. A greater ratio means that an economy is less efficient and may require more investment to reach the same level of output, whereas a lower ratio shows that an economy is more efficient and productive.
A microeconomic term known as marginal product of capital (MPK) quantifies the additional output that an additional unit of capital produces. It is computed by taking into account all other production parameters and determining the change in output caused by a one-unit change in capital.
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how a primary election where all voters (regardless of party membership) may vote for the party's nominee?
The primary election where all voters (regardless of party membership) may vote for the party's nominee is known as the open primary election. This type of primary election is prevalent in many states of the United States.
A primary election is a pre-election political event that takes place before the main election. This election is held to determine which candidates will be nominated to run in the main election. The primary election is a vital part of the democratic process.
During the primary election, registered voters get the opportunity to cast their votes for the candidate of their choice. The candidate who receives the maximum number of votes during the primary election is chosen as the party's nominee.
The primary election is different in different countries. In an open primary election, registered voters are allowed to vote for the candidate of their choice, regardless of their party affiliation. It means that even if a voter belongs to a particular party, they can vote for the candidate of the opposing party during the primary election.
It is called an open primary election because there are no restrictions on who can vote. The primary election is held like any other election, and voters can vote in person, through mail-in ballots, or online. In the United States, open primary elections are becoming more and more popular because they promote transparency and allow voters to choose candidates freely.
The open primary election is essential because it allows voters to choose the candidate of their choice without any restrictions. It is a way to ensure that every voter has an equal say in the election process, regardless of their party affiliation.
The open primary election is also a way to promote transparency and accountability in the electoral process. It is a way to ensure that the candidate who is nominated is genuinely representative of the people and has a chance to win the main election.
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kihye always feels threatened and anxious, imagining something awful is about to happen. she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. kihye is probably experiencing: group of answer choices a generalized anxiety disorder. a hormonal imbalance. no specific problem; worrying is a personality trait. a specific fear response.
Kihye always feels threatened and anxious, imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Kihye is probably experiencing a generalized anxiety disorder.
Anxiety disorder is a group of mental health problems. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic state of severe worry and tension, frequently without provocation. People with GAD anticipate the worst and are often concerned about minor issues.
They frequently believe that things are beyond their control and have exaggerated responses to situations. Anxiety disorders are a type of mental health condition characterized by excessive and persistent fear, nervousness, fear, and apprehension. There are different types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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a nurse notices that many patients living near a manufacturing center are experiencing breathing problems. he connects this to similar chronic illnesses and pollution problems in comparable neighborhoods nationwide. in this case, the nurse is using a sociological imagination. group of answer choices true false
"True", Their sociological imagination can be used to describe the more general causes that either support or restrict patient health and outcomes with a focus on the patients.
In healthcare, what does sociological imagination mean?The term "sociological imagination" describes a particular method of thinking about the world that is characterized by a readiness to look outside of our own experiences and to question conventional wisdom or obvious explanations for human society and behavior.
Why should nurses employ sociological imagination?It enables us to learn more about how people view their social environments and how that might affect their health.
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be able to define the pelagian, arminian, and calvinist view of original sin as provided in lecture.
Pelagianism states that man's fall from grace did not taint human nature and that individuals are capable of choosing between good and evil without the help of divine grace.
Arminianism holds that humans are able to choose between good and evil, but that it is impossible to do good without divine grace.
Calvinism argues that human nature is corrupt and siinful, and that people are predestined to either be saved .
All three views of original sin agree that humans are born in a sinful state. However, they differ on how that sin is passed down and what choices humans have in their salvation.
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when you watch sporting events on tv, people sitting in the bleachers at the very top of the stadium often appear to be the same size as people sitting in the seats much closer to the cameras, even though they project much smaller images onto your retina. this is an example of size
An effect that allows us to perceive objects as remaining the same size even when they are in different positions relative to our retina is an example of size constancy.
Size constancy is the visual perceptual phenomenon in which an object remains the same size despite differences in distance from the observer. In other words, objects that are farther away appear smaller but our brains know that they are the same size, so we perceive them as the same size. Size constancy allows us to perceive the size of an object as being the same even when it is seen from different distances. This enables us to perceive distance accurately, which is important for depth perception.
When watching a sporting event on television, the size of the people in the bleachers at the top of the stadium appears the same as people sitting in the seats closer to the camera, even though they project much smaller images onto our retina. This is because our brain is able to compensate for this discrepancy and make it appear as if the bleachers and the seats are the same sizes.
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If wages and prices are perfectly flexible and inflation is correctly anticipated, then an expansionary monetary policy will affect the real output and price level in which of the following ways?Real Output / Price Level(A) Increase / Increase(B) Incre
If wages and prices are perfectly flexible and inflation is correctly anticipated, then an expansionary monetary policy will affect the real output and price level in the following way: Real Output will increase, and the Price level will remain unchanged.
Monetary policy refers to the policy of controlling the supply and cost of money to the economy by the central bank, with the goal of achieving economic objectives like price stability, high employment, and economic growth. The monetary policy influences the price level in the economy by controlling the money supply, which has direct effect on the price level in the economy. The central bank influences the supply of money in the economy by regulating the interest rates and controlling the amount of money in circulation.
If wages and prices are perfectly flexible and inflation is correctly anticipated, then with expansionary monetary policy, Real output will increase: An expansionary monetary policy increases the supply of money in the economy, which results in an increase in the aggregate demand. This leads to a rise in production, and the real output increases. Thus, an expansionary monetary policy will increase the real output in the economy.
Price level will remain unchanged: When wages and prices are perfectly flexible, they adjust instantaneously to changes in demand and supply. Thus, when there is an increase in the supply of money in the economy, the wages and prices adjust immediately, and the price level remains constant. Therefore, an expansionary monetary policy will not affect the price level in the economy.
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communication competence is... group of answer choices having the ability to effectively and appropriately interact in any given situation effectively using symbols to complete a task communicating with words and behavior to reach a goal the ability to communicate by having a purpose in mind
What is Communication Competence?
Communication competence involves comprehending the context, the audience, the communication goals, and the available channels or media to communicate. The term communication competence is used in communication theory and business, political, and organizational contexts. It is essential for building relationships, conducting business, and creating a harmonious social environment.
What does it involve?
The effective use of symbols to complete a task is one of the things that communication competence includes. The use of language and nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and other forms of nonverbal communication to convey meaning is another critical component of communication competence.
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janice is in the middle of a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood. in the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom, bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she wants a garden next year. janice is experiencing a(n) episode.
Janice is experiencing a manic episode. A manic episode is characterized by a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood, energy, and/or activity levels.
What happens during a manic episode?During a manic episode, an individual may experience feelings of euphoria, grandiosity, and invincibility. They may engage in impulsive and reckless behavior, such as spending sprees, risky sexual behavior, and substance abuse. They may also experience racing thoughts, increased distractibility, and decreased need for sleep.
These symptoms may impair an individual's ability to function in their daily life and can lead to significant consequences. Therefore, it is important to seek professional help if an individual experiences symptoms of a manic episode.
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What does the fates lead the willing and drag the unwilling mean?
Answer:
It means: either you control your destiny, or your destiny will control you.
Explanation:
Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants where they came into contact with people from various backgrounds, creating a melting pot that historians call
Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants where they came into contact with people from various backgrounds, creating a melting pot that historians call patriotic assimilation.
Patriotic assimilation is a process in which immigrant groups are encouraged to embrace American society's core values while preserving and promoting their distinctive cultures. This process is distinguished from other types of assimilation by its emphasis on American patriotism, which encourages individuals to participate in American political, economic, and cultural institutions.
While the melting pot metaphor originally suggested that diverse groups would merge into a single culture, patriotic assimilation accepts the persistence of diversity. As a result, Americans of various backgrounds have been able to join together to support their country's values and interests. In conclusion, Patriotic assimilation is a process in which immigrant groups are encouraged to embrace American society's core values while preserving and promoting their distinctive cultures.
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Skinner is the psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning. T/F
The given statement "Skinner is the psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning" is true.
Skinner is the psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning. Skinner is a psychologist who was most closely associated with operant conditioning. Skinner's behaviorism theory was focused on the concept of operant conditioning, which explains how behavior is influenced by its effects or consequences.
Skinner believed that behavior is more likely to occur again if it is reinforced or rewarded, and less likely to occur again if it is punished. This principle is known as reinforcement. Skinner also developed a device called the Skinner box, which is used to study the behavior of rats and pigeons.
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Experimental studies suggest that when informed that the advice they're receiving may be biased because of a conflict of interest, People tend to
Experimental studies suggest that when informed that the advice they're receiving may be biased because of a conflict of interest, People tend to fail to discount the advice as much as they should, which means option A is correct.
The biased information is generally given to provide some harmful effects in the working of the individual as people might fall into a trap which might be beneficial for others. However if they are aware about such wrong advices given to them, they can get prevented from them and also take measures to avoid any negative effect. This is known as warning effect.
However, sometimes people even say wrong about advices so that the person in need does not follow them and does something which might land them in trouble. Hence it is advised not to take advices and work on the capabilities of oneself and always remain alert and aware about surroundings.
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Refer to complete question below:
Experimental studies suggest that when informed that the advice they're receiving may be biased because of a conflict of interest,
People tend to discount the advice as much as they should.People tend to give extra response on the advice.Please get extremely dependent on the advice and do as they are advised by others.People reject the advice at once considering it false and unjustified.please identify the most appropriate problematic trait that best describes an individual experiencing manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, and hostility.
The most appropriate problematic trait that best describes an individual experiencing manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention-seeking, and hostility is narcissism.
What is Narcissism?
Narcissism is a personality trait that is defined as a person's excessive interest in oneself, self-absorption, and self-admiration. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a more severe and extreme type of narcissism that can cause significant issues in interpersonal relationships. Individuals with NPD show a pattern of grandiosity, self-centeredness, lack of empathy, and an intense need for admiration and attention.
The traits such as manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention-seeking, and hostility align with the characteristics of NPD. Narcissists may manipulate and deceive others for personal gain, have an inflated sense of self-importance, require constant attention and admiration, and show hostility towards others who do not comply with their wishes.
These problematic traits cause interpersonal problems for individuals with NPD and those who interact with them.
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what domain is salient when t'challa decides to share wakandan technology to help others. psych theories
When T'Challa chooses to share Wakandan technology to help others, the domain that becomes salient is the Social domain.
What is the meaning of the Social domain?The social domain refers to the aspect of human development that involves learning to form interpersonal relationships with others. The concept is also relevant in the field of psychology. Psychologists often study the ways in which people develop social skills and form relationships with others.
By sharing Wakandan technology, he is thinking about the broader social implications of the decision. He believes that he can help people in other parts of the world to improve their lives.
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let's say that you saw the results of a public opinion poll about a major policy issue. what things would you look at to determine the quality of the poll? what would make the results more valid or more suspect?
These include sample size, methodology
Audience, question wording, data Analyse.
Sample size: Is the sample size large enough to make a statistically meaningful determination .
Methodology: How was the poll conducted - in-person, by phone, or online? Audience: Who is the target audience and is it a representative sample? Question wording: Are the questions clear and unbiased? Data analysis: Are appropriate statistical techniques used to interpret the data?
Considering these factors can help determine the validity and accuracy of a public opinion poll, and can help to ensure the results are reliable and informative.
A public opinion poll is a survey of public opinion on a given topic. It is a tool for measuring public sentiment and is used by policymakers to make informed decisions about policy issues.
A policy issue is a problem or situation that requires a decision or action by government.
To determine the quality of the poll, the following are the things to look at:
1. Sample size: A poll with a large sample size is more reliable than a poll with a small sample size. The larger the sample size, the less likely the results are to be affected by chance. The ideal sample size should be representative of the population being studied.
2. Sampling method: A poll's sampling method determines how the respondents are selected. A poll that uses random sampling is more reliable than a poll that uses a non-random sampling method.
3. Survey questions: The quality of the poll is also determined by the questions asked. The questions should be clear, concise, and unbiased. Leading questions or questions that use loaded language can influence the respondents' answers.
4. Method of administration: The method of administration can also affect the quality of the poll. Telephone surveys may have different results than online surveys or in-person interviews.
5. Margin of error: The margin of error is a statistical calculation that shows the degree of error in the results. The smaller the margin of error, the more accurate the poll.
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The belief that a divine higher power will intervene, and reveal and punish the guilty while protecting the innocent is known as which of the following?a. Distributive justiceb. Procedural justicec. Retributive justiced. Immanent justice
The belief that a divine higher power will intervene, and reveal and punish the guilty while protecting the innocent is known as Immanent justice. The correct answer is option d.
What is Immanent justice?The concept of immanent justice refers to the notion that the divine reality or higher power, whichever a person believes in, will automatically intervene to punish offenders and reward the virtuous. Immanent justice means that God intervenes in the universe and rewards or punishes good and bad behavior. Many theologians believe that an omnipotent and compassionate God will oversee every individual's life and reward them for their good behavior and punish them for their wrongdoing.
The idea of immanent justice is based on the belief that the cosmos is governed by a higher power. It's a common tenet of most religions. Furthermore, religious practices and sacred texts promote the belief that a supernatural power would reward individuals who obey its orders and punish individuals who do not.
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_____ is a technique that works based on the norm for social commitment, whereas _____ is a technique that works based on people's self-related attitudes shifting in a situation.
The first technique described is foot-in-the-door, and the second technique is cognitive dissonance.
The first technique referred to in the question is the foot-in-the-door technique, which works by starting with a small request and gradually escalating to a larger one. This technique is based on the norm for social commitment, which suggests that people tend to be consistent with their previous actions and decisions.
The second technique is the door-in-the-face technique, which involves starting with a large request that is likely to be rejected and then following it up with a smaller, more reasonable request. This technique works by leveraging the psychological principle of reciprocity, where people feel compelled to reciprocate a favor or concession.
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which region did germany relinquish as a condition of the treaty of versailles?
As a condition of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to relinquish a significant amount of territory, including the region of Alsace-Lorraine, which had been annexed by Germany from France after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement signed between the Allied Powers and Germany after the end of World War I. The treaty was intended to punish Germany for its role in the war and to prevent it from becoming a major military power again. As part of the treaty, Germany was required to give up a significant amount of territory, including the region of Alsace-Lorraine.
Alsace-Lorraine was a highly contested region that had been fought over by France and Germany for many years. In 1871, following the Franco-Prussian War, Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France. This move was deeply resented by the French, who considered the region to be an integral part of their national identity. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine became a rallying cry for French nationalism, and it was a key factor in the outbreak of World War I.
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to give up its control of Alsace-Lorraine and return it to France. This was a significant blow to Germany's national pride and territorial integrity. In addition to Alsace-Lorraine, Germany was required to surrender other territories, including parts of West Prussia, Posen, Upper Silesia, and Schleswig-Holstein.
The demilitarization of the Rhineland was also an important provision of the Treaty of Versailles. The Rhineland was a buffer zone between Germany and France, and it had been heavily militarized by Germany prior to World War I. The treaty required Germany to demilitarize the region, which was intended to prevent Germany from launching another surprise attack on France.
Overall, the territorial losses imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were a major source of resentment and bitterness for many Germans. The treaty was seen as a punitive measure that unfairly punished Germany for the sins of the past. The territorial losses, combined with other provisions of the treaty, contributed to a sense of national humiliation in Germany, which helped to pave the way for the rise of the Nazi Party and the outbreak of World War II.
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according to boss (1999, 2002), ambiguous loss in the case of a family with a member who has intellectual and developmental disabilities explains the concept that the family experiences .
According to Boss (1999, 2002), "ambiguous loss" is the term used to describe the experience of a family with a member who has intellectual and developmental disabilities. This concept explains that the family experiences an ongoing loss due to not being able to clearly define the nature of the individual's disability and the possible outcomes of it. This creates a feeling of uncertainty, as the family is never certain of the future.
Ambiguous loss refers to a kind of loss that is hard to comprehend or resolve. According to Boss (1999, 2002), such losses come in two forms. Physical loss occurs when a person goes away and is never seen again, whereas psychological loss occurs when a person is physically present but not fully emotionally available. Boss (1999, 2002) describes ambiguous loss as being somewhere in between. Ambiguous loss happens when a loved one is physically present but emotionally absent, or when a loved one is emotionally present but physically absent.
Intellectual disability is a state in which an individual has significant limitations in intellectual and adaptive functioning. The intellectual function is the capability to learn, think, reason, solve problems, and make judgments in various areas of daily life. Adaptive behavior is the social and practical skills required to live independently, such as dressing, eating, grooming, and using the bathroom.
Developmental disabilities are chronic disabilities that arise during development before adulthood and have a significant effect on at least three main areas of an individual's daily life. These areas are self-care, language and communication, learning, mobility, and the ability to live independently. Autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, and cerebral palsy are examples of developmental disabilities.
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