show that p is closed under homomorphism iff p = np

Answers

Answer 1

We can construct a polynomial-time reduction from q to p as follows: given an instance x of q, run A on x to obtain a solution y, and then run B on f(x, y), where f is the polynomial-time reduction from q to p. The output of B is a solution to f(x, y), which is in p by definition of the reduction. Therefore, p is closed under homomorphism.

To show that p is closed under homomorphism if and only if p = np, we need to prove both directions.

First, assume that p is closed under homomorphism. We want to show that p = np. Suppose for contradiction that there exists a problem q in np that is not in p. Then, there exists a polynomial-time algorithm A that can solve q.

We can construct a polynomial-time reduction from q to p as follows: given an instance x of q, run A on x to obtain a solution y, and then output f(x, y), where f is the polynomial-time reduction from p to q. Since p is closed under homomorphism, f(x, y) is in p, and so x is also in p. But this contradicts the assumption that q is not in p. Therefore, p = np.

Next, assume that p = np. We want to show that p is closed under homomorphism. Let q be any problem in np, and let A be a polynomial-time algorithm that solves q. We need to show that there exists a polynomial-time reduction from q to p. Since p = np, there exists a polynomial-time algorithm B that solves any problem in p.

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Related Questions

Identify the highlighted vessel. Identify the highlighted vessel. aortic arch superior vena cava brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery

Answers

The highlighted vessels of aortic arch, superior vena cava brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery are known to be given in the image attached.

What is the aortic arch?

This is often seen on the top area of the main artery and it is one that often carrying blood away from the human heart.

Hence The highlighted vessels of aortic arch, superior vena cava brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery are known to be given in the image attached.

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The standard naming convention prefix tag for a query used to identify the object type is?

Answers

Answer: qry

I hope this helps!

A JavaScript __________ runs when something calls it. a. Object b. Programming language c. Property d. JavaScript e. Function

Answers

Function, I think.

Hope it helps!

What special enterprise VPN supported by Cisco devices creates VPN tunnels between branch locations as needed rather than requiring constant, static tunnels

Answers

Answer:

Dynamic Multipoint VPN

Explanation:

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The author uses the text structure of ____

a. problem and solution

b. cause and effect

c.compare and contrast

d.sequence of events

to show that _____

a.navigators

b.muliple signals

c. electromagnetic traps

d. quartx crystal oscillators

Answers

The author uses the text structure of compare and contrast to show multiple signals.

What is Text structures?

This is a term that connote the method used by authors to put together information in text.

Note that in the case above, The author uses the text structure of compare and contrast to show multiple signals.

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In the formula =VLOOKUP(“shovel”, B2:D12, 3, FALSE), which part is the lookup value parameter?

A.
shovel

B.
FALSE

C.
B2:D12

D.
3

Answers

In the formula =VLOOKUP(“shovel”, B2:D12, 3, FALSE), the part that is the lookup value parameter is B2:D12.

What are the parameters in VLOOKUP?

The VLOOKUP is known to often have four arguments:

lookup_value, table_array, column_index_num, range_lookup

This value is known to be a LOOKUP searches which is in an array. The lookup_value argument is one that be seen to be a  number, text, a logical value.

Note that If LOOKUP is one that did not see or find the value of lookup_value, it is said to often uses the largest value in the array that is known to be smaller than or one that is equal to lookup_value.

Hence, In the formula =VLOOKUP(“shovel”, B2:D12, 3, FALSE), the part that is the lookup value parameter is B2:D12.

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what is the internet​

Answers

♨ANSWER♥

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks -- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer

...hope this helps...

_♡_mashi_♡_

The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP).

A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

Use the drop-down menus to complete the steps to set up cascading deletes between two related tables

Answers

The words that can the complete the steps to set up cascading deletes between two related tables are:

Database Tools The Line Connecting the Tables Cascade Delete Related Records.

What does cascade delete related fields mean?

Cascade Delete is known to be a kind of a function that  makes any records in associated tables to be deleted when one is in the process or act of deleting the current record.

For example, if a person were to delete any record that is seen or found  in the Clients table, a person would also be in the process of deleting any records in regards to the  Projects table with that specific Client No.

Hence, The words that can the complete the steps to set up cascading deletes between two related tables are:

Database Tools The Line Connecting the Tables Cascade Delete Related Records.

See full question below

Use the drop-down menus to complete the steps to set up cascading deletes between two related tables.

1. Click the

tab

2. In the Relationships group, click Relationships

3. Double-click

4. In the Edit Relationship dialog box, add a check mark next to

5. Click OK

Done

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Answer: late answer but for the other ppl - Database Tools , The line connecting the tables , and Cascade Delete Related Records.

Which reference line computation option requires you to specify the number of tiles?

Answers

The reference line computation option that requires you to specify the number of tiles is Quantiles.

What is Quantiles?

Quantiles serves as the one that breaks the view into the specified number of tiles  by the act of shading and lines.

It should be noted that  When you select this computation, you must also specify the number of tiles , hence, The reference line computation option that requires you to specify the number of tiles is Quantiles.

Quantiles  can be regarded as the cut points dividing the range of a probability distribution  which is been segregated into continuous intervals with equal probabilities.

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Question 6 options: This is a category or partitioned group of the small units of a programming language include its numeric literals, operators, and special words.

Answers

Lexeme is a category or partitioned group of the small units of a programming language include its numeric literals, operators, and special words.

What is a lexeme in programming?

Lexemes are known to be those character strings that are put together from the character group of a program, and the token stands for what aspect of the program's grammar they are made of.

Hence, Lexeme is a category or partitioned group of the small units of a programming language include its numeric literals, operators, and special words.

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What's the difference between an exe file and an msi file?

Answers

Answer: EXE files are mainly used to indicate that the file is executable

MSI files show that the file is a Windows Installer

Explanation:

EXE files are mainly used to indicate that the file is executable

MSI files show that the file is a Windows Installer

MSI files are only used with launchers, EXE does not need to be used with launchers

Hope this helped :)

_______________ is a technology system requiring the driver to maintain constant control of the vehicle.

Answers

The technology system requiring the driver to maintain constant control of the vehicle are:

 Forward collision avoidance Automatic emergency braking Lane keeping assist

What is technology?

Technology can be regarded as the application of science to bring improvement to mankind at large.

It should be noted that The technology system requiring the driver to maintain constant control of the vehicle includes  Forward collision avoidance as well as Automatic emergency braking and Lane keeping assist .

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Most ________ take input from a controller from either a radio joystick or a wi-fi connected tablet or laptop and act as an output device, sending back video and sound to the user.

Answers

Most drones take input from a controller from either a radio joystick or a wi-fi connected tablet or laptop.

What is a drone used for?

Drones are known to be devices that are said to have a lot of functions, such as monitoring climate change and it is often used to carrying out a lot of search operations after natural disasters must have occurred, and others.

Note that in the case above, Most drones take input from a controller from either a radio joystick or a wi-fi connected tablet or laptop.

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What describes accenture's approach to automation, both internally as well as for clients?

Answers

It's approach is to provide custom based services to it's client, mainly through a cloud based system that enable their clients to shift to an automatic system leading to better business operations.

Any factor that leads businesses to collectively expect lower rates of return on their investments ______ investment demand.

Answers

Answer:

Reduces investment demand

Create a round object to hang in your window that will touch the midpoints of all four edges of your window

Answers

The round object that can touch the midpoints of all four edges of a window is illustrated by a circle with dimensions.(x-h)² + (y-k)² = r².

What is a midpoint?

It should be noted that a midpoint is a point that is lying between two points and is in the middle of the line joining the two points.

Based on the information given, the center is (h,k) and tthe radius = r.

Top of the circle = (h,r+k) = midpoint of the window's top

The circle's bottom = (h,k-r)=midpoint of the window bottom

The left edge of the circle = (h-r, k)=midpoint of the window's left side

The right edge of the circle = (h+r, k)= midpoint of the window's right side

The window square is illustrated as 2r by 2r and its vertices are (h-r, r+k), (h+r, r+k), (h-r, r-k),  (h+r, r-k).

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Which Principle of Multimedia Learning is Marni following on a slide that has the main points highlighted and clearly visible to the audience?

A.
Multimedia Principle

B.
Redundancy Principle

C.
Coherence Principle

D.
Signaling Principle

Answers

The Principle of Multimedia Learning is Marni following on a slide that has the main points highlighted and clearly visible to the audience is the Signaling Principle.

What are the principles of multimedia learning?

The multimedia principle is known to be one that tells the fact that people learn a lot better using words and pictures instead of using words alone.

Note that it is one that is aided  by empirically gotten theory that tells that words and images bring about different conceptual acts and that perception and learning are said to be very active and are constructive processes.

Hence, The Principle of Multimedia Learning is Marni following on a slide that has the main points highlighted and clearly visible to the audience is the Signaling Principle.

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The gradual process of developing functions to solve each subproblem in a top-down design is known as what process?

Answers

The gradual process of developing functions to solve each subproblem in a top-down design is known as stepwise refinement.

What is refinement?

The term refers to backlog preparation and is more properly known as refinement. It is the act of detailing, understanding more deeply, adding features, estimating, prioritizing and keeping the product backlog alive.

Stepwise refinement is the idea that software is developed by moving through the levels of abstraction, beginning at higher levels and, incrementally refining the software through each level of abstraction, providing more detail at each increment.

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An intern at an IT company provisioned a Linux based On-demand EC2 instance with per-second billing but terminated it within 30 seconds as he wanted to provision another instance type. What is the duration for which the instance would be charged

Answers

The duration for which the instance would be charged is known to be c. 60 seconds in regards to the (Billing and Pricing).

What are pricing models?

Pricing modeling is known to be the ways or the methods a person is able or can use to know the right price for a products or services.

Note that in the case above, since it involves billing and pricing, The duration for which the instance would be charged is known to be c. 60 seconds.

See options below

a. 600 seconds

b. 300 seconds

c. 60 seconds

d. 30 seconds

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On a windows system, which task manager tab would you use to adjust the priority given to a specific program? details performance processes app history services

Answers

On a Windows operating system, the task manager tab which you would use to adjust the priority given to a specific program is: A. details.

What is a software program?

A software program can be defined as a set of executable instructions that is typically used to instruct a computer system on how to perform a specific task and proffer solutions to a particular problem.

What is an operating system?

An operating system (OS) can be defined as a system software that's usually pre-installed on a computing device by the manufacturers, so as to manage random access memory (RAM), software programs, computer hardware and all user processes.

On a Windows operating system, the details of the task manager tab should be used to adjust the priority given to a specific program.

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Whose email address may the agent enter into the applicant information section of LEAN enrollment application

Answers

It is the customer's email address may be entered into the applicant information section of LEAN enrollment application

What is LEAN enrollment application?

LEAN enrollment application is a kind of electronic enrollment program which is specifically designed to make enrollments easier for agent

So therefore, It is the customer's email address which may be entered into the applicant information section of LEAN enrollment application

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Which is NOT a common pattern or architecting principle related to scalable computing? Publisher Subscriber Decoupling Disaster Recovery Producer Consumer

Answers

The option that is not a common pattern or architecting principle related to computing is Disaster Recovery.

What is Disaster recovery?

This is known to be a form of  organizational process that is often used so as to get back access and functionality in regards to  natural disaster, and others.

Note that the option that is not a common pattern or architecting principle related to scalable computing is Disaster Recovery.

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What process identifies and grants access to a user who is trying to access a system?

Answers

Answer:Authentication.

Explanation:

Authentication.

______________________ refers to the real-time connection between a mobile device and other computing environments.

Answers

Answer:

Mobile Compunting refers to real time .... .

I HOPE IT HELP YOU

what epo server task updates the distributed repositories from the master repository if you are not using lazy caching

Answers

The EPO server task that updates the distributed repositories from the master repository if you are not using lazy caching is replication task.

What is a replication task?

A. replication task is known to be one that can multiply data from any Salesforce objects or any form of  database tables.

Hence, The EPO server task updates the distributed repositories from the master repository if a person is not using lazy caching and this is called replication task.

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Identify the numbered parts and accessories of a desktop computer. Include an indefinite article with each response

Answers

The numbered parts of the desktop in the image are;

Monitorlogic boardProcessor ChipRAM ChipFloppy DiskPower UnitDVD DriveHard DriveKeyboardMouse

What is a desktop computer?

A desktop computer is a piece of personal technology intended to sit on top of an ordinary office desk.

It links to input devices like the monitor, keyboard, and mouse that users use to interact with a computer's actual hardware.

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A(n) ________ is a set of one or more computer programs that serves as an intermediary between the user and the DBMS.

Answers

Answer:

A database application is a set of one or more computer programs that serves as an intermediary between the user and the DBMS.

Explanation:

DBMS stands for Database Management Systems. Therefore, it would make sense that the database application is the set of computer programs that are the mediator between the user and the DBMS.

This question involves the creation and use of a spinner to generate random numbers in a game. a gamespinner object represents a spinner with a given number of sectors, all equal in size. the gamespinner class supports the following behaviors.

creating a new spinner with a specified number of sectors
spinning a spinner and reporting the result
reporting the length of the current run, the number of consecutive spins that are the same as the most recent spin

write the complete gamespinner class. your implementation must meet all specifications and conform to the example.

Answers

Using the knowledge in computational language in JAVA it is possible to write a code that  generate random numbers in a game

Writting the code in JAVA:

public class GameSpinner {

int spinner;

int num;

int current;

public GameSpinner(int spinner) {

super();

this.spinner = spinner;

this.current = 0;

this.num = 0;

}

public int spin() {

int curr = 1 + (int) (Math.random() * spinner);

if (this.current == 0 || this.num == 0) {

this.current = 1;

this.num = curr;

return curr;

}

if (this.num == curr) {

this.current = this.current + 1;

return curr;

} else {

this.num = curr;

this.current = 1;

return curr;

}

}

public int currentRun() {

return this.current;

}

}

GameSpinnerTest.java

public class GameSpinnerTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO Auto-generated method stub

GameSpinner g = new GameSpinner(4);

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.spin() : "+g.spin());

System.out.println("g.currentRun() : "+g.currentRun());

}

}

Output

g.currentRun() : 0

g.spin() : 1

g.currentRun() : 1

g.spin() : 4

g.currentRun() : 1

g.spin() : 4

g.currentRun() : 2

g.spin() : 3

g.currentRun() : 1

g.spin() : 3

g.spin() : 2

g.spin() : 2

g.currentRun() : 2

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Given a deque mydq is: 17 55 98, what remains in the deque after the function mydq.pop_back() has been called?

Answers

The factor that remains in the deque after the function mydq.pop_back() has been called 17 55.

What do you mean by deque?

Deque or Double Ended Queue is known to be a kind or type of queue where there is an insertion and deletion of elements that can be carried from the front or the rear.

Note that  the word deque, is known to be a short word for the term  double-ended queue. A deque is said to be a list that aids the placing and removal at both ends.

Therefore, based on the above, The factor that remains in the deque after the function mydq.pop_back() has been called 17 55.

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See full question below

32) Given a dequemyDgis: 17 55 98, what remains in the deque after the function myDQ.pop_back() has been called? a. 17 55 b. 17 C. 98 d. 55 98 33)

What type of email communication reaches out to former clients and older prospects and encourages a reply? Strategic email Onboarding email Reengagement email Promotional email

Answers

A type of email communication that reaches out to former clients and older prospects and encourages a reply is: C. reengagement email.

What is an e-mail?

An e-mail is an acronym for electronic mail and it can be defined as a software application (program) that is designed and developed to enable users send and receive both texts and multimedia messages over the Internet.

In Computer Networking, a reengagement email is a type of email communication that is designed and developed to reach out to former clients and older prospects, and it encourages a reply.

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