The quantity of goods and services produced in one hour of labor is known as labor productivity. The amount of equipment, structures, and computers per worker is known as physical capital per worker.
1) Year 2013:
Physical Capital per worker = Physical Capital / Workforce
Physical Capital per worker = 120 / 60 = 2
Labor productivity = Production / labor hours
Labor productivity = 21000 / 3000 = 7.
Therefore, Labor Productivity in the year 2013 is 7
2) Year 2014:
Physical capital per worker = Physical capital / Workforce
Physical capital per worker = 400 / 100 = 4,
Labor productivity = Production / labor hours
Labor productivity = 49000 / 3500 = 14.
Therefore, Labor Productivity in the year 2014 is 14.
Based on your calculations, an increase in physical capital per worker from 2013 to 2014 is associated with an increase in labor productivity from 2013 to 2014.
The following regulations might increase productivity in the weaving sector:
(1) Free education would help to improve worker quality, which would raise labor productivity.
(2) Increasing investment would result from promoting saving
(3) Increasing R&D subsidies would raise labor standards.
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In 1990, those who invested money in fund Z for the entire year received a return of 9 percent on their investment. Roberta invested a certain amount in fund Z on January 1, 1990, and neither added to nor subtracted from her investment during the year; her investment and return for the entire year equalled $15,260. How much money did Roberta invest in fund Z on January 1, 1990
In 1990, those who invested money in fund Z for the entire year received a return of 9 percent on their investment. Roberta invested a certain amount in fund Z on January 1, 1990. Robert invested $14,000 in fund Z.
It is seen that the investment after entire year was $ 15,260 and the interest rate is given as 9%. We know that,
Amount = Principal * (100+ interest rate)/100
15,260 = Principal * (100+ 9)/100
15260 = Principal *109/100
Principal = 15260 *100/109
Principal = 14,000
Hence, the initial amount invested is $14,000.
An investment fund is a pool of money owned by several people that is used to buy securities as a group although each investor has ownership and control over his individual shares.
In comparison to what an investor might be able to find on their own, an investment fund offers a wider range of investment choices, more management experience, and lower investment fees. Mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, money market funds, and hedge funds are a few different types of investment funds.
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Which of the following will increase planned investment spending on the part of firms?
A. A lower real interest rate
B. Increased optimism about future demand for its product
C. Increases in the corporate income tax
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
A lower real interest rate and Increased optimism about future demand for its product will increase planned investment spending on the part of firms.
Option E is correct.
What increases planned capital expenditures?According to the accelerator principle, higher real GDP growth leads to more planned capital spending. According to the accelerator principle, lower real GDP growth means less planned capital spending.
What causes the increase in costs?Consumption is primarily financed from our income. Real wages are therefore a key determinant, but consumer spending is also influenced by other factors such as interest rates, inflation, confidence, savings rates and the availability of funds.
What does planned investment mean in economics?In general, a planned investment is an amount that an investment company plans to make in a year. Actual investment is the investment actually made in one year. If the actual investment is greater than the planned investment, the inventory will increase as it is part of the capital.
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What credit score is needed for a $200000 home loan?
The minimum credit score needed for a $200,000 home loan will vary depending on the lender and the type of loan you are applying for.
What is loan?A loan is a sum of money that is borrowed from a lender such as a bank, credit union, or other financial institution. The borrower is usually required to pay back the loan in full, typically with interest and other fees. Loans are often used to purchase large items such as a car or a home, or to cover expenses such as tuition fees or medical bills. Loans can also be used to start a business or to pay off existing debt. Loans can be secured or unsecured, meaning they are tied to collateral such as a home, or they are not tied to any collateral. The terms of the loan, such as interest rate, repayment schedule, and fees, vary depending on the type of loan and the lender.
Generally, you will need a credit score of at least 620 to qualify for a conventional loan, and a score of 740 or higher to qualify for the best rates and terms.
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The nature and extent of a CPA firm’s quality control policies and procedures depend on
A) the Cpa Firm’s Size
B) the Nature of the Cpa Firm’s practice
C) Cost-benefit Considerations
(1) Yes Yes Yes
(2) Yes Yes No
(3) Yes No Yes
(4) No Yes Yes
The nature or extent of a CPA firm’s qualityl rules or activity depend on (a)The CPA firm size (Yes), (b) The nature of the CPA firm practice (yes), (c) Cost-benefit Considerations (yes). The correct option is (1).
Businesses utilize a cost-benefit analysis as part of a systematic procedure to choose which options to take and which to ignore. The expenditure analyst adds up the possible benefits anticipated from a circumstance or course of action before deducting the overall expenses related to that course of action. Employee motivation and satisfaction of customers are only two examples of subjective advantages and expenses that might be included in a budgeting. The process of calculating the advantages of a choice or action, less the expenses involved in that choice or action, is known as a financial analysis.
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PRO and CONS Airbnb?
Pros and Cons of staying in an Airbnb
Pros:
Larger than staying in a hotel
Less crowded
Less expensive
Cons:
The host is less trustworthy than workers at hotels for various reasons
Could be cameras in places like bathrooms or rooms to watch you
You probably will have to eat out
A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. Suppose that the marginal cost (and ATC) of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule:
Table 2: Demand for Diamonds
Price Quantity
$8,000 5,000
7,000 6,000
6,000 7,000
5,000 8,000
4,000 9,000
3,000 10,000
2,000 11,000
1,000 12,000
(a) If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity?
(b) If there were only one supplier of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity?
(c) If Russia and South Africa formed a cartel, what would be the price and quantity? If the countries split the market evenly, what would be South Africa's production and profit? What would happen to South Africa's profit if it increased its production by 1,000 while Russia stuck to the cartel agreement?
(d) Use your answers to part (c) to explain why cartel agreements are often not successful.
(a) the market would reach equilibrium at a price of $3,000 and a quantity of 10,000 the intersection of the demand, marginal cost curves, where quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.
(b) If there were only one supplier of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity?(b) If there were only one supplier of diamonds, the supplier would have a monopoly and would set the price at the profit-maximizing level, which is the price where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In this case, that would be $3,000 per diamond, as at this price, the quantity demanded would equal the quantity supplied. The quantity would be 10,000.
What would happen to South Africa's profit if it increased its production by 1,000 while Russia stuck to the cartel agreement?(c) If Russia and South Africa formed a cartel, they would collude to set a higher price, such as $6,000, in order to increase their profits. The quantity would decrease to 7,000. If the countries split the market evenly, South Africa would produce and sell 3,500 diamonds, earning a profit of $3,500,000 (3,500 x $1,000). If South Africa increases its production by 1,000 while Russia sticks to the cartel agreement, South Africa's profit would decrease to $2,000,000 (2,500 x $1,000) as it would have to sell the additional diamonds at the cartel price, earning only $6,000 per diamond instead of $1,000.
Use your answers to part (c) to explain why cartel agreements are often not successful.(d) Cartel agreements are often not successful because members have incentives to cheat on the agreement by increasing production to capture a larger share of the market. This can lead to a decrease in the overall price and profits for all members, as seen in the example above with South Africa increasing production. Additionally, new entrants may enter the market, breaking the cartel's control over the market. Furthermore, governments often intervene to prevent the formation of cartels or to break them up, as they can lead to higher prices for consumers and can restrict competition in the market.
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With bonds issued at discounts or premia, what account is debited/credited to balance the difference between the interest expense and the cash payment of the coupon
The unamortized reduction on outstanding bonds will have a credit balance that increases the outstanding bonds' carrying quantum( or the book value).
The unamortized reduction on bonds outstanding will have a disbenefit balance, and that decreases the carrying quantum( or book value) of the bonds outstanding. Premium bonds trade above par value, while reduction bonds trade below it. Reduction bonds can be unsafe, but the lower the price, the more advanced the eventuality for earnings. Premium bonds can deliver advanced returns with lower threats, but they can be problematic if they come callable.
When bonds are issued at a reduction, the outstanding bond account is credited for the proceeds from the issue. However, that rate should be considered to be the effective rate, If a long-term note outstanding has a stated interest rate. Amortization of bond decoration reduces the balance in outstanding bonds.
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What is economic equality answer in one word?
According to the question, equality is the answer of economic equality a in one word
What is the equality?
Being equal in position, rights, and opportunity is the state of equality. It is the idea that all people should have the same access to social, economic, and political resources, regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or any other personal characteristics. Equality ensures that everyone is treated fairly and with respect. Equality allows for individuals to make the most of their talents and strengths, and it promotes diversity and inclusion. Equality is the essential to achieving social justice and creating a more equitable society.
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You have $50,000 in savings for retirement in an investment earning a stated annual rate of 7% compounded monthly. You aspire to have $1,000,000 in savings when you retire. Assuming you add no more to your savings, how many years will it take to reach your goal
Answer:
To find out how many years it will take to reach your goal of $1,000,000 with your current savings and the stated annual rate of 7% compounded monthly, you can use the formula for compound interest:A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)Where:A is the future value of the investment (the amount you will have saved at retirement)P is the present value of the investment (the amount you currently have saved)r is the annual interest rate (expressed as a decimal)n is the number of times the interest is compounded per yeart is the number of yearsIf we plug in the values from the problem, we get:1,000,000 = 50,000(1 + 0.07/12)^(12*t)To solve for t, we can take the natural logarithm of both sides:ln(1,000,000) = ln(50,000(1 + 0.07/12)^(12*t))then, divide both sides by ln(1 + 0.07/12) and multiply by 12t = (ln(1,000,000) - ln(50,000)) / (12*ln(1 + 0.07/12))t = approximately 30 yearsSo, it will take around 30 years to reach your goal of $1,000,000 assuming you add no more money and earn the stated annual rate of 7% compounded monthly.
Explanation:
hope this helps
What is the basis for determining the amount of a condominium owner's monthly assessment for operations and maintenance
the pro rata ownership interest specified in the declaration for the unit.
What exactly is a condo?A condominium, also referred to as a "condo," is a substantial building complex made up of individual, independently owned apartments. Ownership typically involves a nonexclusive interest in a specific piece of "common property" that is managed by the condominium.
In a condominium, routine maintenance of the complex, such as lawn care and snow removal, is often managed by a board of unit owners.
A condominium, or condo, is an independently owned unit in a complex or building of units. Condominium associations that are in charge of maintaining the property typically need monthly payments from condo owners.
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For tax reasons, your client wishes to purchase an annuity that pays $90,000 each year for 9 years, with the first payment in one year. At an interest rate of 7% and focusing on time value of money without consideration of any fees, how much would the client need to invest now
$428988 is the amount that ought to be invested right now. Even if you don't know what your objectives are, you can get a head start by investing now to take advantage of compound growth.
How much should you put into investments?Mark Henry, Alloy Wealth Management's founder and CEO, states, "Ideally, you'll invest somewhere around 15%–25% of your post-tax income." That's fine if you need to start small and work your way up to that goal. The fact that you actually begin is crucial.
The following is a calculation of the amount that ought to be invested right now:
= Payment made every year - (1 - (1 + rate of interest)-number of years) - rate of interest
= $90,000 - [1 - (1 + 7%)-6] - 7% = $428988;
consequently, the amount that ought to be invested right now is $428988.
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A corporate bond's yield to maturity: Multiple select question. remains fixed over the life of the bond. changes over time. is usually not the same as a bond's coupon rate. is always equal to a bond's coupon rate.
A corporate bond's yield to maturity- The correct option is C and D i.e. is usually not the same as a bond's coupon rate and is always equal to a bond's coupon rate.
Why do you use the word "corporate"?Corporate refers to a group of large enterprises or a specific large company. For corporate clients as opposed to private ones, interest rates are greater. Both the economy and business earnings are expanding. Corporate refers to a group of large enterprises or a specific large company.
What distinguishes a corporate entity?A corporation, also referred to as a C corp, is a separate legal entity from its owners. Corporations are able to generate revenue, pay taxes, and face legal consequences. The strongest protection against personal liability is provided to owners by corporations, although forming a corporation is more expensive than creating other types of entities.
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when assessing a country’s economic market potential, examine all of the following except
O government laws
O consumption patterns
O population
O GDP
Economic indicators include measurements of macroeconomic stability and performance, such as gross domestic product (GDP), consumption, investment, and international trade (central government budgets, prices, the money supply, and the balance of payments). Hence, the correct option is (C) population.
Any nation's prosperity depends on economic development and growth. It is determined by how much a country has improved its production of goods and services while also raising its citizens' quality of life in comparison to earlier years.
Economic growth is the rise in the quantity of goods and services produced over an extended period of time by an economy, often a country.
It is expressed as a gain in the real gross domestic product (GDP), which is GDP that has been inflation-adjusted. GDP is the market value of all finished products and services generated in a nation or economy.
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An agent is permitted to open all of the following customer accounts except A) a partnership account opened by the designated partner. B) a corporate account opened by the designated officer. C) an account in the name of Mrs. Jones opened by Mr. Jones. D) a minor's account opened by a custodian.
C) An agent is permitted to open all of the following customer accounts except an account in the name of Mrs. Jones opened by Mr. Jones.
Which of the following account holders can authorize another holder to trade? Only Second Parties have the authority to open accounts, hence only a Second Party has the authority to grant trading permission to a First Party (for a discretionary account) or a Third Party (a Third Party trading authorization).
When a business wishes to open a cash account with a broker-dealer, which of the following paperwork won't be necessary?
Since the corporation wants to open a "Cash" account, a margin agreement is not necessary to open the account, as can be seen by carefully reading the query.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fund as defined by GASB standards?
Multiple Choice
O A self-balancing set of accounts.
O A reporting entity.
O A fiscal entity.
O An accounting entity.
A reporting entity is not a characteristic of a fund as defined by GASB standards.
What are funds?
A fund is a pool of money that is allocated for a specific purpose. A fund can be established for many different purposes: a city government setting aside money to build a new civic center, a college setting aside money to award a scholarship, or an insurance company that sets aside money to pay its customers’ claims.
What are the three categories of funds prescribed by GASB standards?
Funds that are prescribed by GASB standards are:
Governmental funds.
Proprietary funds.
Fiduciary funds.
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________ is a major issue faced by companies when implementing enterprise systems.
The gap between the requirements of an organization and the capabilities of an application is a major issue faced by companies when implementing enterprise systems.
A need is a distinct, documented operational or physical need that a given design, product, or process seeks to address in product design and optimizations. The product development process' design stages incorporate a set of criteria. Since tests should be able to be traced back to particular requirements, demands are therefore a crucial component of the verification process. The features and functionalities required for the specific project are represented by the objectives. The components are gradually established in tandem with design and execution when iterative or agile software development techniques are employed.
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Opponents of free trade zones might use this map to argue that free trade (4 points) Group of answer choices encourages conflict among market and command economies leads to greater mobility among populations organizes nations into regional exclusionary blocs redraws traditional geographic boundaries
Opponents of free trade zones might use this map to argue that free trade organises nations into regional exclusionary blocs. Hence, option (c) can be regarded as the suitable choice of answer.
Give a brief account on free trade areas.A free trade area is a territory where several nations have joined together to sign free trade agreements and retain few to no trade restrictions such as tariffs or quotas. Free trade zones enable international trade, the related benefits from trade, as well as the global division of labour and specialisation. However, they have come under fire for the expenses associated with advancing economic integration and for arbitrarily limiting free trade. A free trade area is a collection of nations that have agreed to erect little or no trade restrictions, such as tariffs or quotas, between them. The volume of international trade between participating nations tends to expand in free trade zones, and this enables them to further specialise in areas where they have comparative advantages.
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In a manufacturing business, which of the following transforms finished goods into cash?
A)sales process
B)manufacturing process
C)inbound logistics
D)warehouse operations
E)outbound logistics
In a manufacturing business, sales process transforms finished goods into cash.so option A is correct.
What what is a sales process?A sales process is a series of reiterable stages that a salesperson follows to move a potential customer from the initial stage of awareness to a closed deal. Additionally, elite sellers invest, on average, 6 hours every week in locating and analyzing their prospects. The strategy your business uses to sell clients on your good or service is called the sales process, commonly referred to as a sales cycle. From the initial contact with a lead through the successful sale, there are several phases involved. Creating a relationship with a new person is comparable to the sales process.
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The decisions marketing managers make regarding the marketing budget and profitability revolve around the marketing mix which includes: A. Product, price, profit, promotion B. Product, price, promotion, place C. Positioning, performance, potential, profitability D. Price, place, people, promotion E. Place, potential, product, performance
C.Positioning, performance, potential, profitability.Marketing is the management of lucrative relationships that draw in new clients with higher value and keep old ones by satisfying their needs.
There are five main marketplace and customer notions.
Customer requirements, desires, and needs. Human needs can include physical, social, and individual demands and are states of felt deprivation. Human needs manifest as wants, which are influenced by culture and personality. Demands are merely human desires supported by purchasing power.
Market offerings are combinations of goods, experiences, and services made available to a market to meet a need or want. These can be tangible goods or services, which are fundamentally intangible activities.
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Who can grant or deny a petition for the reinstatement of a real estate license that had been revoked?
It depends on the state.
The agency or organization that issued the real estate license in the first place would be the one to grant or deny a petition for reinstatement of a revoked license. This is typically a state-level regulatory agency or professional organization that oversees the licensing and regulation of real estate agents and brokers.
Although not formally given a leadership role, Belinda has a lot of influence on other team members. They like and respect her and feel she has a unique ability to help the team reach its goals. What is Belinda
However, this management approach results in little leadership or supervisory efforts from managers and impedes the development of workers who need guidance.
What exactly is a peer-to-peer relationship?Peer relationships are formed and strengthened by interpersonal contacts involving peers or people who have attained a similar level of psychological development. Peer relationships are a type of social support .
What are the advantages of P2P?These are a few benefits of P2P networks: P2P networks don't require an expensive server to function. A network manager is not required because each user is in charge of their own computer. P2P network configuration is done using software wizards. Both homes and small companies can set up P2P networks.
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Select the TWO False statements about Requirements to Obtain Funding.
A - Lenders do not require owners to identify the purpose of the loan.
B - Equity financing requires a business owner to give up control of the business to obtain funding.
C - The business owner's personal credit score does not affect their ability to qualify for a loan.
D - Bootstrapping requires the owner(s) of the company to provide all of the funding.
The two false statements are Lenders do not require owners to identify the purpose of the loan & Equity financing requires a business owner to give up control of the business to obtain funding. The correct option is (A & B).
What do you mean by funding?To establish and maintain a business, you need funding. It is a monetary investment made in a business for inventory, office space, sales & marketing, product development, manufacturing, and expansion.
Before approving your application, commercial lenders may check both your personal credit score and your corporate credit score. If you have bad credit personally and are unsure how it will impact whether your commercial loan application will be approved or the terms of the loan.
Therefore, the two false statements are Lenders do not require owners to identify the purpose of the loan & Equity financing requires a business owner to give up control of the business to obtain funding.
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How do you make a decision on a large purchase?
The initial stage in making large purchases is Why you need it should come before selecting what to buy and how much it will cost. Determine if this is an expense that can wait by evaluating the item's usefulness in light of your existing financial circumstances.
You need to see if it fits your budget now that you know how much you need to put toward your large buy each month. You'll typically need to tweak certain things. When preparing to make significant purchases, research is a crucial step. To find out if a product is what you want, read product reviews. Additionally, you ought to consider its future value and resale price.
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Ministers from the western African countries of Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Ghana recently met in an effort to discuss ways to increase the economic vitality of their countries. They all agree that the primary problem faced by their countries is lack of basic infrastructure, such as roads, schools, utilities, and medical facilities. They would like to appeal for help from the international community, which organization should they approach for help?
Ministers from the western African countries would like to appeal for help from the international community, and the organization which they should approach for help is called the The World Bank.
The World Bank tend to offer support to developing countries which is mainly through policy advice, research and also the analysis, and the technical assistance. So, technically the World Bank is considered to be a part of the United Nations system, but its governance structure is quite different.
However, the western Afrucan counries can appeal for monetary help from such international community. Thus, The WQorld Bank tends to provide loans and grants to the governments of low and the middle income countries.
Hence, The World Bank is an international organization.
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The tremendou ucce of the ‘Pantaloon’, ‘Big Bazaar’ and ‘Food Bazaar’ retailing format, eaily made PRIL the number one retailer in India by early 2004, in term of turnover and retail area occupied by it outlet. Explain how Biyani i further planning to conolidate hi buinee
One of the most adored fashion companies in India has over 24 years of retail experience: Pantaloons, a branch of Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail Ltd.
What went wrong with future retail?The Future Group's retail, wholesale, and transportation and warehousing businesses will be acquired by Reliance Retail for a price of Rs 24,713 crores, as reported in August 2020. The FRL founded by Kishore Biyani fell due to excessive diversification and ongoing restructuring.
In a deal for Rs 24,713 crore, Biyani, who established his company in 1987 with the launch of Manz Wear, which eventually took on the brand name Pantaloon, has agreed to cede control of his retail empire to relative newcomer Reliance Retail, a division of Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Industries.Due to its financial situation, Big Bazaar was unable to make timely payments on its loans to lenders.
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When no legal heirs can be found for the deceased owner of a property, the laws of descent give the property to
Option b is correct. If no legal heir is found for the property's deceased owner, the property will be awarded to the highest bidder in a sheriff's sale under the Pedigree Act.
If you die leaving no parents, spouse, descendants, siblings, your estate will pass to your grandparents, etc. All property passes to the government only when a person dies without leaving parents, spouse, descendants, and any of the above family members.
A person who commits or assists in murder shall not inherit the property of the murdered person or any other inheritance which committed the murder or assisted in the murder.
Under the Hindu Succession Act of 1956, if the deceased owner of property does not leave a will, the legal heirs will inherit the property in the order listed. Preferential treatment is given to first-class legal heirs. This includes immediate family members such as spouses, parents, children and their legal heirs.
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The complete question is:
When no legal heirs can be found for the deceased owner of a property, the laws of descent give the property to:
a. the winning bidder in a sheriff's sale.
b. the county or state.
c. the heirs of the previous owner of record.
d. a registered charity in the nearest municipality.
A company's sales clearly represent a source of funds. However, they do not appear on the balance sheet. Why
Not the activity itself as measured by sales, but the balance resulting from the activity is what is displayed on the balance.
I concur with the claim that the company's net income and owner equity statement are both indirectly included in the balance sheet of the business. Since the balance sheet is a statement that details the financial performance or condition of the business at a particular or specific point in time.
Because owner's equity is the capital of the firm as stated in the balance sheet as opposed to net income, which is the result of the income statement and is immediately displayed in the income statement. Retained profits already comprise net income, thus it appears indirectly on the balance sheet.
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Which of the following would find the most utility from GAAP accounting methodology?
A. Vendors
B. Doctors
C. Athletes
D. Households
D. Households would not find utility from GAAP accounting methodology.
What is GAAP?According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), businesses and organizations must record, categorize, and summarize financial transactions as well as disclose financial information in a clear and consistent manner. Organizations and businesses use it mostly. Households would not find utility as the financial transactions and activities of a household would not typically be subject to the same reporting and disclosure requirements as a business or organization. Thus businesses and organizations that are publicly traded or seeking capital from public markets would find the most utility from GAAP accounting methodology, as it is a requirement for them to follow the standards.To know more about GAAP , check out :
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What are the resources used to make goods and services called ?
The resources used to produce goods and services are called inputs. Inputs can be tangible or intangible. Physical inputs are physical resources such as land, capital, labor, raw materials, and machinery. Intangible inputs are non-physical resources such as knowledge, skills and reputation.
Physical inputs are used to produce the physical aspects of goods and services. For example, raw materials are used to produce a physical product, labor is used to assemble and package it, and capital is used to purchase the necessary machinery and equipment. Intangible inputs are used to produce intangible aspects of goods and services. Knowledge and skills are used to create new products and services, and reputation is used to increase a company's market share.
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Suppose a security with a risk-free cash flow of $150 in one year trades for $140 today. If there are no arbitrage opportunities, what is the current risk-free interest rate
With no arbitrage, the current risk-free interest rate is $ 7.14% and $ 1.0714% in one year.
The PV of the security's cash flow is ($150 in one year) ((1+r), where r is the one-year risk-free interest rate. If there are no arbitrage opportunities, this PV equals the security's price of $140 today. Therefore,
= $140 today = ($150 in one year) / (1+r) = ($150 in one year) / $140 today = (1+r) = $ 1.0714 in one year/ $ today, so = 7.14%
The risk-free rate of return, most commonly abbreviated as the "risk-free rate," is the rate of return on a fictitious investment with predetermined payments over a certain amount of time that is expected to fulfill all financial obligations. The risk-free rate may be acquired without taking any risks, hence any other investment that involves any risk needs to have a higher rate of return in order to entice investors to hold it. In reality, market participants frequently select the yield to maturity of a risk-free bond issued by a government of the same currency, whose default risks are so minimal as to be negligible, in order to deduce the risk-free interest rate in that currency.
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