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Pure liquids and solids at the equilibrium stage:

Pure solids and pure liquids are not included in expressions for the equilibrium constant of heterogeneous equilibria since their concentrations are constant across time. Therefore, including it in our equilibrium expression is not significant.

Equilibrium expression:

When a certain chemical reaction is in equilibrium, the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal, which means that there is no net change in the concentrations of the reactants and products and that the reaction mixture's composition does not change.

The concentration of solid and liquid:

Solid or liquid concentration,

= No. of Moles/ Volume in L

= Mass/(Volume × molar mass)

= Density/ Molar mass

Pure solids and liquids have constant densities and molar masses at a constant temperature.

Because of this, they have constant molar concentrations, which means that they are not considered in the equilibrium constant for a heterogeneous reaction.

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Answer:

Option (2)

Explanation:

Since the amount of each sample is the same, we are looking for the metal with the greatest density, which is copper.

Valence bond theory stating that a bond between two atoms is the strongest when the nuclei of the atoms are touching each other is true.

This theory states that when two valence orbitals of two different atoms overlap on each other, the bond is usually strong.

The bond formed in this scenario is usually covalent which involves sharing of the valence electrons.

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The volume of [tex]NH_3[/tex] that will be produced is 2.4 liters. The correct option is 2.

The equation of the reaction goes thus: [tex]N_2 + 3H_2 --- > 2NH_3[/tex]

The ratio of H2 to NH3 is 3:2.

Thus, with 3.6 L of H2, the volume of NH3 that will be produced is:

                     2/3 x 3.6 = 2.4 liters.

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The total number of moles of solute particles present in 1L (exact) of aqueous 0.057 m hno3 is 0.166 mol

Initial moles of HNO3 = 1Lx 0.083 mol HNO3/1 L

The HNO3 is a strong acid that can be completely dissociated in the following way.

HNO3→H  +  NO

1 mol   1 mol 1 mol

The HNO3 is dissociated into two particles (Kt and NO3). So that,

total moles particles = 0.083 mol (K) + 0.083 mol (NO) = 0.166 mol

The number of moles of solute = mass of solute ÷ molar mass of solute, where mass is measured in grams and molar mass (defined as the mass of one mole of a substance in grams) is measured in g/mol.

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Answer:

D.) The attraction between the delocalized electrons and the metal's cations

Explanation:

Metallic bonds form between free-floating valence electrons (delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions (cations). The negative charge from the electrons and the positive charge from the ions are what form the attraction.

If a non-volatile sugar is  added to water , the vapor pressure of liquid will tend to decreases and this reduction of vapor pressure is said to be proportional to the numbers of mole fraction of solute that was added to it.

In the case above,  the vapor pressure of the solution is known to be lowered if compared to the vapor pressure of the pure solution.

Therefore if a non-volatile solute is said to be place or added to a pure solution such as water, the vapor pressure of the solution will be reduced than that of the pure solution.

Hence, the statement that If a non-volatile sugar is  added to water , the vapor pressure of liquid will tend to decreases and this reduction of vapor pressure is said to be proportional to the numbers of mole fraction of solute that was added to it is correct.

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Given the partial record of the experiment, the information that should be recorded in the last column of the table is B. Time is taken by the glass surface to dry.

These are forces of attraction between atoms, molecules, and ions when they are placed close to each other.

Intermolecular forces are electrostatic in nature, and this means that they arise from the interaction between positively and negatively charged species.

Hence, an intermolecular force acts between molecules and their examples are London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and van der Waals forces.

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The complete question

An experiment was conducted to determine if the intermolecular forces in two liquids affect their boiling points. Each liquid was sprayed on a paper towel. Each paper towel was wiped across a glass table to moisten the surface. The table shows a partial record of the experiment.

Experimental Record

Liquid Intermolecular Forces ?

А relatively strong

B relatively weak

What information should be recorded in the last column of the table?

Time is taken by the liquids to start boiling

Time is taken by the glass surface to dry

The volume of liquid required to moisten the paper towels

Time taken by the paper towels to become completely moist

The energy profile representing the reaction of the formation of NO2  is energy profile B; option D.

An energy profile diagram is a diagram which illustrates in the form of a graph the energy changes that occur as reactant molecules react to form products.

An energy profile has energy of the molecules plotted on the y-axis and the reaction pathway or the reaction progress on the x-axis.

The shape of an energy profile depends on whether the reaction is an endothermic or exothermic reaction.

An exothermic reaction will have the energy of reactants higher than that of products, whereas an endothermic reaction will have the energy of products higher than the reactants.

The formation of NO2 is an endothermic reaction which requires 33.1kJ/mol of energy to complete.

Therefore, the energy profile representing the reaction is energy profile B.

In conclusion, an energy profile diagram shows energy changes that occur in a reaction graphically.

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Red curve shows the course of the reaction in the presence of an enzyme. Line a represents the activation energy for that reaction.

Hence, Option (iv) is correct answer.

Activation energy is the minimum energy required an input of energy to initiate the reaction.

[tex]k = Ae^{\frac{-E_a}{RT}}[/tex]

where,

k = rate constant

A = pre-exponential factor

Eₐ = activation energy

R = universal gas constant

T = absolute temperature (in K)

Activation energy = Threshold energy - Energy of colliding molecule.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Red curve shows the course of the reaction in the presence of an enzyme. Line a represents the activation energy for that reaction.

Hence, Option (iv) is correct answer.

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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.

Question: This graph illustrates the course of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme. While the products and reactants are the same, the presence of an enzyme changes the amount of energy required for the reaction to begin.

Part A - Interpreting the graph

Which curve shows the course of the reaction in the presence of an enzyme--the black curve or the red curve? Which line represents the activation energy for that reaction--a, b, or c?

(i) a black curve; line a

(ii) black curve; line b

(iii) black curve; line c

(iv) red curve; line a

(v) red curve; line b

(vi) red curve; line c

The 0.05 moles of [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}[/tex] required to make 1 L of solution in which the [tex]Na[/tex] concentration is 0. 15 M.

Calculation,

The Sodium phosphate dissolves as follows:

[tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}(s)[/tex] → [tex]3Na^{+} (aq)+PO_{4}^{-} (aq)[/tex]

To make 1. L of solution in which the  [tex]Na^{+[/tex]concentration is 0. 15 M

The morality  of [tex]Na^{+[/tex]= 0.15 M = number of moles / volume in lit

The morality of [tex]Na^{+[/tex]= 0.15 M = number of moles /1 Lit

number of moles of [tex]Na^{+[/tex] = 0.15 mole

The mole ratio is 1: 3

It means, the 1 mole of [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}(s)[/tex] required to form 3 mole of [tex]Na^{+[/tex]

So, to form 0.15 mole of [tex]Na^{+[/tex]  = 1×0.15 / 3 moles of [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}(s)[/tex]required.

Hence, number of moles of [tex]Na_{3}PO_{4}(s)[/tex] required = 0.05 moles.

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Answer:

They are not arranged in a particular way.They have negligible intermolecular force of attraction and having more spaces between the particles.

The equilibrium would shift in the direction of the products

Equilibrium in chemistry is the state that exists when a chemical reaction and its opposite reaction happen at the same rates. This word's Latin origins may be traced to the prefix aequi-, which means equal, and lbra, which means scale or balance.

[tex]{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{forward reaction rate}}&=k_{+}{\ce {A}}^{\alpha }{\ce {B}}^{\beta }\\{\text{backward reaction rate}}&=k_{-}{\ce {S}}^{\sigma }{\ce {T}}^{\tau }\end{aligned}}}[/tex]

where A, B, S and T are active masses and k+ and k− are rate constants. Since at equilibrium forward and backward rates are equal:

[tex]{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}{\displaystyle k_{+}\left\{{\ce {A}}\right\}^{\alpha }\left\{{\ce {B}}\right\}^{\beta }=k_{-}\left\{{\ce {S}}\right\}^{\sigma }\left\{{\ce {T}}\right\}^{\tau }}[/tex]

and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant, now known as an equilibrium constant.

[tex]{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}{\displaystyle K_{c}={\frac {k_{+}}{k_{-}}}={\frac {\{{\ce {S}}\}^{\sigma }\{{\ce {T}}\}^{\tau }}{\{{\ce {A}}\}^{\alpha }\{{\ce {B}}\}^{\beta }}}}\\[/tex]

H₂ + I₂→ 2HI

Rate constants - The proportionality constant in the equation that defines the link between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentrations of the reacting chemicals is known as the rate constant, also known as the specific rate constant.

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The osmotic pressure of a solution made from 12.5 g of CaCl2 in enough water to make 500 mL, if CaCl2 is 78.5% dissociated at 30oC is 167.087 atm

Osmotic pressure and osmosis are connected. Osmosis is the passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane into a solution. The pressure that halts the osmosis process is known as osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is a collective attribute of material because its value is determined by the solute's concentration rather than its chemical composition.

The formula used to calculate Osmotic Pressure is:-

π = M x R x T x i

Where;

π =osmotic pressure (in atm)

M=molar concentration (in mol/L)

  =(given mass/molar mass)/volume=(12.5g /111.0)/(500/1000)

  =0.224 mol/L

R=Universal gas constant (0.08206 L.atm/mol.K)

T=absolute temperature (in K) = 30.C + 273 = 303 K

i= van't Hoff factor of solute =3

using the formula and  substituting values;

π=0.224 x 0.08206 x 303 x 3

   = 167.087 atm

The osmotic pressure is 167.087 atm

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Answer:

B.) Na₂SO₄

Explanation:

Covalent bonds are bonds which involve electrons being shared between two atoms. These bonds only occur between nonmetals.

Ionic bonds are bonds which involve electrons being given or taken by two atoms. These bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal.

NH₃ contains nitrogen and hydrogen, two nonmetals. Therefore, this molecule only contains covalent bonds.

Na₂SO₄ has both covalent and ionic bonds. The covalent bonds are found within the polyatomic ion, SO₄²⁻. Sulfur and oxygen are both nonmetals, thus covalently combining. The ionic bond forms between the  Na⁺ and SO₄²⁻. Sodium (Na) is a metal which wishes to give up electrons to have a complete octet. SO₄²⁻ serves as the anion which it bonds with.

CH₃COOH contains hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. All of these are nonmetals, thus the only bonds formed are covalent.

NaCl contains sodium, a metal, and chlorine, a nonmetal. Therefore, this compound is held together by an ionic bond.

According to the Planck-Einstein relation, the energy of a photon emitted with a wavelength of 448 nm is 4.44 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.

A photon is a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation. A photon carries energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest mass.

A photon is emitted with a wavelength (λ) of 448 nm. Given the speed of light (c) is 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s, we can calculate the frequency (ν) of the photon using the following expression.

ν = c/λ

ν = (3.00 × 10⁸ m/s ) / (4.48 × 10⁻⁷ m) = 6.70 × 10¹⁴ s⁻¹

We will use the Planck-Einstein relation, being Planck's constant h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J.s.

E = h × ν

E = (6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J.s) × (6.70 × 10¹⁴ s⁻¹) = 4.44 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

According to the Planck-Einstein relation, the energy of a photon emitted with a wavelength of 448 nm is 4.44 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.

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Answer:

6.5  x  (  6.02x 10^23)=  3.913  x10^24

Explanation:

6.5  x  (  6.02x 10^23)=  3.913  x10^24

Concentration of base in terms of x is 0.1 - x.

The amount of solute that has dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution is measured as solution concentration. A concentrated solution is one that has a significant amount of dissolved solute in it. A diluted solution is one that has a little amount of dissolved solute in it.

A 0.10M buffer solution mean the sum of concentration of acid and base in the buffer is 0.1M

if A is acid nd B is its conjugate base

[A] + [B] = 0.1

[B] = 0.1 - [A]

if [A] or acid concentration is x, [B] or base concentration is

[B] = 0.1 - x

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Answer:

               b option is correct

Explanation:

When 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.

The mass of sodium chloride produced in the given reaction is calculated as follows;

2Na + Cl2 = 2Nacl

In the reaction above;

2(23 gram of sodium) -------------------- 2(58.44 g of sodium chloride)

10 g of sodium -------------------------- ? mass of sodium chloride

46 g of Na ----------------------------116.88 g of NaCl

10 g of Na ---------------------------- ? NaCl

= (10 x 116.88)/46

= 25.4 g

Thus,  when 10.0 g of sodium react with 10 g of chlorine gas according to the equation, the mass of sodium chloride produced is 25.4 g.

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The Neutral Gator program used methods that reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and also helps in decreased production of carbon dioxide.

The rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years is 10 times more with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years.

There are many possible reasons for this cause , some primary factors are listed below:

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Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.

Water molecule is produced when the unstable hydrogen reacts with unstable oxygen because they are very reactive. Due to their reactive nature, hydrogen and oxygen react with each other forming water molecule. So that's why we can say that water is not being produced around us due to stable form of hydrogen and oxygen.

So we can conclude that Water isn't being produced all around us because the hydrogen and oxygen are present in stable form.

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Answer:

D.) in the cloud-like areas around the nucleus

Explanation:

A.) is incorrect. Electrons exist in orbitals in the Bohr's Model.

B.) is incorrect. Electrons do not exist in the nucleus. They always exist outside of the nucleus, but their exact position has been debated.

C.) is incorrect. While the electron clouds in the quantum mechanical model can cover a relatively large amount of space, the distance from the nucleus is not great. Within this cloud, electrons can exist closer to the nucleus at a particular time.

D.) is correct. Electrons are said to exist somewhere within these clouds around the nucleus. The model uses the cloud references to display how you can never be sure where the electrons are located - they are always moving around.

Answer:

The removal of one or more electrons from a neutral atom results in a cation.

Explanation:

When you remove electrons from a neutral atom, the atom becomes more positive. Electrons have a negative charge and the protons inside of the nucleus have a positive charge. When electrons are removed, the positive charges from the protons outweigh the negative charges. This results in a positively charged atom, called a cation.

Control rods is regarded as a substance which can control nuclear reaction and is denoted as option A.

This is a type of reaction which involves the nuclei of an atom being split or joined together and is usually accompanied with a great amount of energy emitted in the form of heat.

The two types of nuclear reaction include:

Nuclear fusion involves the collision of two or more nuclei in other form a new atom while nuclear fission involves splitting the atoms to form other products and involves a very high amount of energy and exposure to organisms should be prevented as the radiations can alter DNA.

Control rods are commonly used in nuclear reactors and control the rate of  fission in the fuel used. This is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

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The component of delegation which speaks to the ability to perform a specific task is: Authority.

The division of work and assignment of decision-making authority to a person who answers to a leader or management is referred to as delegation of authority.

It is an organizational technique in which a management assigns each employee a portion of their own workload.

While the superior may transfer power to followers, responsibility is taken, or it is built into the duty that was given to the subordinate.

While responsibility calls for the capacity for compliance or obedience, the capacity to obey directions, authority requires the capacity to issue orders and instructions hence - responsibility.

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According to the available literature, standard nanoparticle (NP) production processes make it especially challenging to reach the catalytically important and highly complicated intermetallic -brass crystal structure.

We present a straightforward and logical method for obtaining this phase in M-Zn (M = Pd, Cu, Ni) systems as silica-supported single-phase nanocrystals. This hybrid technique begins with the synthesis of supported M/SiO2 using typical methods (dry impregnation and strong electrostatic adsorption), followed by several hours of heating to high temperatures in the presence of a stoichiometric quantity of metallic Zn in an evacuated closed system.

Pd-Zn is by far the most common in catalytic applications and produces the smallest particle size (8 nm). We investigated the effect of various synthesis parameters on phase purity and particle size distribution in the case of synthesized -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2 supported catalysts and provided general guidelines for synthesis optimization.

Pd/SiO2 is transformed to -brass Pd-Zn/SiO2, resulting in a precipitous drop in CO adsorption and a 25 kJ/mol increase in the ethylene hydrogenation barrier, indicating that the catalytic active sites are significantly modified as a result of alloying. We anticipate that these catalysts will find use in a variety of Pd-catalyzed chemistries.

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The experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy refers to motion (movement energy), whereas potential energy refers to stored energy, which is able to perform work.

The increase in temperature causes a rise in kinetic energy due to a higher movement of subatomic particles that form the elements above described (e.g., soil).

In conclusion, the experiment is not found here but temperatures of soil, sand, water, and air increase by raising the supply of kinetic energy.

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Answer:

561 g P₂O₃

Explanation:

To find the mass of P₂O₃, you need to (1) convert moles H₃PO₃ to moles P₂O₃ (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients) and then (2) convert moles P₂O₃ to grams P₂O₃ (via molar mass). It is important to arrange the ratios/conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the amount of sig figs in the given value.

Atomic Mass (P): 30.974 g/mol

Atomic Mass (O): 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (P₂O₃): 2(30.974 g/mol) + 3(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (P₂O₃): 109.942 g/mol

1 P₂O₃ + 3 H₂O -----> 2 H₃PO₃

10.2 moles H₃PO₃            1 mole P₂O₃              109.942 g
----------------------------  x  --------------------------  x  -------------------  =  561 g P₂O₃
                                        2 moles H₃PO₃              1 mole

The equilibrium pressure of [tex]H_{2}[/tex] is 288 torr. and [tex]K_{p}[/tex] for this reaction is 0.786 atm.

from the reaction:-        [tex]2AsH_{3}[/tex] ⇄ [tex]2As + 3H_{2}[/tex]

initial concentration     392 torr.              0

at equilibrium.              392 - [tex]2x[/tex].               [tex]3x[/tex]

and the final pressure in the flask = 488 torr.

Hence,

[tex]( 392 - 2x ) + 3x = 488\\ x = 488-392\\x = 96 torr.[/tex]

The partial  pressure of [tex]H_{2}[/tex] is 3 × 96 =  288 torr.

and [tex]AsH_{3}[/tex] is 392 - ( 2 × 96 ) = 392 - 192 = 200 torr.

Now, to find [tex]K_{p}[/tex] for this reaction, we will use [tex]K_{p} = \frac{(P_{H_{2} })^{2} }{( P_{AsH_{3} } )^{2}}[/tex]

putting all the values, we get,

[tex]K_{p} = \frac{(288)^{3} }{(200)^{2} }[/tex]

     = 597.1968 torr.

     = 0.786 atm.  ( 1 atm = 760 torr. )

what do you mean by equilibrium?

Equilibrium in chemistry is the phase that exists when a chemical reaction and its opposite reaction happen at the same rates. This word's Latin origin dates back to the prefix aequi-, which means equal, and lbra, that indicates scale or balance.

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