IPv6 uses ________ to know the packet length. IPv6 uses ________ to know the packet length. total length fields payload lengths header length fields hop limits

The traditional data-forwarding model for 802.11 user traffic when WLAN controllers are deployed is called "centralized forwarding."

Traditional data-forwarding model for 802.11 :

The traditional data-forwarding model for 802.11 user traffic when WLAN controllers are deployed involves the access points (APs) forwarding user traffic to the WLAN controller, which then makes the forwarding decision and forwards the traffic to its intended destination. This process is known as centralized data forwarding and is the most common method used in WLAN deployments with controllers. The WLAN controller acts as a central point of control for the entire WLAN network, providing features such as security, mobility, and scalability. It also allows for centralized management and configuration of the APs, making it easier to maintain and troubleshoot the network. Overall, the use of a WLAN controller in conjunction with 802.11 technology provides a powerful and efficient solution for wireless networking. The controller then processes and routes the data to its destination. This approach ensures centralized control and management of the WLAN, providing improved security, monitoring, and performance optimization.

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Information Restoration refers to the process of retrieving and restoring these stored data files when needed, such as after data loss or damage.

Data Storage refers to ensuring that copies of data files are stored safely and securely and will survive even if data is lost or damaged. Information Restoration, on the other hand, refers to the process of recovering lost or damaged data from backups or other sources. Both are important aspects of data management and are crucial for maintaining the integrity and availability of important information.
Data Storage refers to ensuring that copies of data files are stored safely and securely and will survive even if data is lost or damaged. Information Restoration refers to the process of retrieving and restoring these stored data files when needed, such as after data loss or damage.

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In the TCP/IP stack, the transport layer is concerned with controlling the flow of data, sequencing packets for reassembly, and encapsulating the segment with a TCP or UDP header.

The transport layer is responsible for providing end-to-end communication services between applications running on different hosts. It shields the upper layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite from the underlying network details.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable and ordered delivery of data between applications. It ensures that all data is delivered, in order, and without errors. TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection between two hosts and provides flow control and congestion control mechanisms to prevent network congestion and ensure efficient use of network resources.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol that provides unreliable, unordered delivery of data between applications. It does not provide flow control, congestion control, or reliability guarantees, but it has lower overhead than TCP and is useful for applications that require fast, low-latency communication, such as real-time audio and video streaming.

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Internet connection type that is limited to an area near the central office and can make use of existing wiring infrastructure is known as Digital Subscriber Line.

DSL utilizes the existing copper wiring of the telephone infrastructure to provide high-speed internet access to homes and businesses. This type of internet connection is widely available in areas where the distance between the central office and the customer premise is within a certain range. DSL technology uses frequency division multiplexing to transmit data over the existing copper wiring.

It operates over a frequency range that does not interfere with voice calls, which means that users can make voice calls and use the internet simultaneously without any interruption. This makes DSL an attractive option for users who require high-speed internet access at an affordable price. The downside of DSL is that its performance and speed degrade as the distance between the central office and the customer premise increases.

This means that users who are located far away from the central office may experience slow internet speeds and poor connectivity. Additionally, DSL does not offer the same level of speed and bandwidth as other internet connection types, such as cable or fiber optic. Overall, DSL is a reliable and cost-effective internet connection option for users who are located near the central office and do not require high-speed internet access.

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Lisa should consider using RAID 6 for her database server if she wants to ensure fault tolerance. RAID 6 uses distributed parity bits across multiple drives.

which allows for recovery of data even if two drives fail simultaneously. This level of redundancy provides a high level of protection against data loss due to hardware failures.

However, it's important to note that RAID 6 can come with a performance tradeoff due to the increased overhead required for calculating and writing parity bits.

Lisa should carefully weigh the benefits and drawbacks of different RAID levels before making a final decision, taking into consideration the specific needs of her database server and the importance of maintaining data integrity.

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The two devices that are often combined into one device to connect the network to the Internet and to share the connection between devices on the network are a modem and a router.

A modem is a device that connects a computer or network to the Internet via a wired or wireless connection. It is responsible for converting digital signals from a computer or network into analog signals that can be transmitted over a phone line, cable line, or other communication line.

A modem typically connects to the Internet service provider (ISP) network via a cable or phone line.

A router, on the other hand, is a device that connects multiple devices on a network and routes data packets between them. It is responsible for managing the traffic on the network and ensuring that data packets are delivered to the correct destination.

A router typically includes features such as network address translation (NAT), firewall protection, and quality of service (QoS) settings.

Combining a modem and a router into a single device is a common approach to connecting a network to the Internet and sharing the connection between devices on the network.

This type of device, often called a modem router or a gateway, includes both the modem and router functionality in a single unit.

The modem-router connects to the ISP network via a cable or phone line and provides wired or wireless connectivity to devices on the network. The router functionality in the device allows for traffic management, security, and other features to be configured and managed through a web interface.

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Alex should use the classification of Security incident when he discovers keylogging software on one of his executive's laptops.

According to NIST's standard definitions, a security incident is defined as an event that involves a security violation or a potential security violation. The Keylogging software on an executive's laptop can potentially compromise the security and confidentiality of the organization's sensitive data.

So, its should be classified as a security incident. Alex should immediately report the incident to the relevant authorities and take necessary actions to contain and mitigate the impact of the incident.

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A network traffic generator can generate traffic in an attempt to reproduce a network problem and monitor multiple network segments simultaneously. A traffic generator is a software or hardware tool that can simulate various types of network traffic in order to test and analyze network performance.

Traffic generators can be used by network administrators, engineers, and quality assurance professionals to identify and diagnose network issues, determine network capacity and performance limitations, and validate network designs.  It can create various types of network traffic such as web browsing, file transfers, video streaming, and VoIP calls to test the network's ability to handle different types of traffic. A traffic generator can also replicate specific network conditions such as packet loss, latency, and jitter to determine how a network handles these conditions.

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Assuming that the logical address space is divided into pages of 1024 words each, and the physical memory is divided into frames of the same size, then the number of pages in the logical address space is 64, and the number of frames in the physical memory is 32.

To calculate the number of bits required for a local address, we first need to determine how many bits are required to represent each page and each word. Since the logical address space has 64 pages, we need 6 bits to represent each page (2^6 = 64). Since each page contains 1024 words, we need 10 bits to represent each word (2^10 = 1024).

Therefore, the total number of bits required for a local address is:

6 bits for the page number + 10 bits for the word offset = 16 bits

So a local address consists of 16 bits: 6 bits for the page number and 10 bits for the word offset.

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The feature you are referring to is called "code completion," also known as "autocomplete." It is a common feature in modern text editors and integrated development environments (IDEs) that provide a list of suggestions for functions, methods, and variables as you type, based on the context of the code.

Code completion is a valuable tool for developers as it can help reduce typing errors and increase efficiency. It can save time by allowing developers to quickly insert commonly used code blocks and functions without having to type them out manually. It can also help catch syntax errors and suggest fixes in real-time.

Code completion works by analyzing the code you have already written and predicting what you are likely to type next based on the context. This can include suggestions for commonly used functions, variable names, and keywords in the language being used. As you continue to type, the list of suggestions will be updated to reflect the current context of the code.

Most modern text editors and IDEs provide code completion as a standard feature, but it can be disabled if desired. Additionally, some editors may provide more advanced code completion features, such as suggesting function parameters or automatically completing entire code blocks based on user input.

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The statement, "The contains operation of the Set interface returns a count of the number of occurrences of an element in the set," is false (b).

The Set interface in Java, as part of the Java Collections Framework, is designed to hold unique elements, meaning that each element in a Set can only occur once. The contains method of the Set interface checks whether a particular element is present in the set or not, returning a boolean value (true if the element is present, false if it is not). Since a Set does not allow duplicate elements, there is no need to count the occurrences of an element in the set. If you require a collection that can store multiple occurrences of an element and count them, you should consider using the Map interface, which can store key-value pairs. In this case, you can use the element as the key and the count of occurrences as the value.

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While performing the Echo Communication home project, the command socket.accept() crashed the script because of problems like binding issue,blocking mode, network issue, etc.

1. Binding issue: Ensure that you've correctly bound the socket to an IP address and port using the socket.bind((host, port)) command before calling socket.accept(). If the binding is unsuccessful, the script may crash.
2. Listening issue: Check if you've set the socket to listen for incoming connections using the socket.listen() command. Without this, the script might not be ready to accept connections, causing it to crash.
3. Blocking mode: By default, the socket.accept() function operates in blocking mode, which means it will wait indefinitely for a client to connect. If no client connects, the script might appear to crash. To avoid this, you can set the socket to non-blocking mode using the socket.setblocking(False) command.
4. Network issue: There might be a network problem or firewall blocking incoming connections. Make sure that your network settings and firewall are configured correctly to allow the communication.
To resolve the issue, verify each of the steps mentioned above and ensure that your code is correctly handling the socket connections. By doing so, you should be able to prevent the script from crashing when using the socket.accept() command.

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The type of device you're referring to, which is designed to prevent malicious network packets from entering or leaving computers or networks, is called a Firewall. Firewalls, also known as packet filters, help maintain network security by monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

The device that is designed to prevent malicious network packets from entering or leaving computers or networks is commonly known as a firewall. A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and an untrusted external network, such as the internet. Firewalls can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both, and are an essential component of any network security infrastructure. I hope this provides a long answer to your question.

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The relationships among entity sets in a business relational database are visually illustrated in an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram. An ER diagram is a graphical representation that shows how different entities in a system relate to each other. It depicts entities as rectangles, attributes as ovals, and relationships as lines between the entities.

ER diagrams are commonly used to design and document databases for business applications. They help in identifying the entities involved, their attributes, and the relationships among them. ER diagrams also help in understanding the database structure and in communicating the design to others.

There are three types of relationships depicted in an ER diagram: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. One-to-one relationships occur when each entity in the first set is related to one and only one entity in the second set. One-to-many relationships occur when each entity in the first set is related to one or more entities in the second set, but each entity in the second set is related to at most one entity in the first set.

Many-to-many relationships occur when each entity in the first set is related to one or more entities in the second set, and each entity in the second set is related to one or more entities in the first set.

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After the compiler optimization, all class D instructions are replaced with class A instructions. Since each class D instruction requires two class A instructions, the program will now only consist of class A instructions. Therefore, the average CPI of the program on P2 after the optimization will be equal to the CPI of class A instructions on P2.

If a compiler can optimize the program and replace all class D instructions with class A instructions, then we know that each class D instruction will now require only two class A instructions instead of just one. Therefore, the average CPI of the program on P2 after optimization can be calculated as follows:
Average CPI = (Number of class A instructions + (2 x Number of class D instructions)) / Total number of instructions
Since all class D instructions have been replaced with two class A instructions, we can consider them as equivalent to two class A instructions. So, the equation becomes:
Average CPI = (Number of class A instructions + (2 x Number of class A instructions)) / Total number of instructions
Simplifying this equation further:
Average CPI = (3 x Number of class A instructions) / Total number of instructions
Therefore, to calculate the average CPI of the program on P2 after optimization, we need to know the total number of class A instructions in the program and the total number of instructions in the program.
SS+

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True, an operating system associates a set of privileges with each process. These privileges determine the level of access a process has to system resources and functionality.

Protection, or limiting who has access to and what they may do with certain system resources, is a critical component of operating systems. Security policies are enforced through protection.

Giving programs access to the resources they require to function is the responsibility of the operating system. Access privileges to files, devices, and other system resources will vary amongst users. These access privileges must be enforced by the operating system. If a policy forbids users from reading or altering data, they shouldn't be allowed to do so. In accordance with predetermined policies, processor time and system memory must be distributed equally across all processes as they are also finite resources.

True, an operating system associates a set of privileges with each process. These privileges determine the level of access a process has to system resources and functionality.

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In both of these calls, the procedure is being called with a different argument value for "x", resulting in a different segment of code in the algorithm being executed. This demonstrates how the behavior of the algorithm can be altered by passing different argument values to the procedure.

In order to describe two calls to the procedure identified in written response 3c, we first need to know what the procedure is and what arguments it accepts. Assuming that the procedure accepts an argument for a specific input value, let's say "x", we can make two different calls to the procedure passing different argument values.

Call 1: Procedure(x=5)
This call passes the argument value of 5 for "x", causing the segment of code in the algorithm that handles inputs equal to 5 to execute.

Call 2: Procedure(x=8)
This call passes the argument value of 8 for "x", causing the segment of code in the algorithm that handles inputs equal to 8 to execute.

In both of these calls, the procedure is being called with a different argument value for "x", resulting in a different segment of code in the algorithm being executed. This demonstrates how the behavior of the algorithm can be altered by passing different argument values to the procedure.

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The correct answer is False.The statement incorrectly suggests that Bill Inmon advocates the data mart bus architecture, while Ralph Kimball promotes the hub-and-spoke architecture, a data mart bus architecture with conformed dimensions. In reality, the opposite is true.

Bill Inmon is known for promoting the Corporate Information Factory (CIF), which is a centralized and integrated data warehouse architecture. The CIF architecture is based on the data mart bus architecture, which involves creating individual data marts for specific business functions, all of which are fed by a centralized enterprise data warehouse.On the other hand, Ralph Kimball is known for promoting the dimensional modeling approach, which involves creating a set of standardized data marts that are integrated together using a hub-and-spoke architecture.

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System variables are used to store information about the setup of the operating system, and after they are set up, you typically do not change them.

System variables are used by the operating system and other system utilities to configure the environment in which applications run. Examples of system variables include the PATH variable, which stores the directories in which the system looks for executable files, and the HOME variable, which specifies the home directory for a user. In contrast, user variables are used to store information specific to a particular user and can be modified by the user as needed.

System variables are usually set by the system administrator and can be viewed and modified using system tools such as the Control Panel or the System Properties dialog box.

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Linear Hashing uses a dynamic hash table that can grow and split as needed to maintain a balanced structure.

Linear Hashing works by partitioning the hash table into a fixed number of main buckets, each of which can hold a fixed number of records. When a main bucket becomes full, it is split into two, and the records are distributed between the two new buckets based on their hash value.

In Linear Hashing, a dynamic hash function is used which allows the number of buckets to grow incrementally as new data is inserted. This helps in distributing the data more evenly across the buckets and reducing the number of overflow buckets.

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Applications written by third-party vendors that are used by many different users and organizations are typically referred to as third-party software or third-party applications.

Third-party software:

These software solutions are developed by independent companies and are designed to perform specific tasks or functions within a larger system or network. Third-party software can range from specialized tools and utilities to complex enterprise-level applications that support critical business operations. The use of third-party software can help organizations save time and resources by providing pre-built solutions that meet specific needs, rather than having to develop and maintain custom software in-house. However, it is important to carefully evaluate and select third-party vendors to ensure the security and reliability of their applications.

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Release of message contents to any person or process not possessing the appropriate cryptographic key is known as unauthorized disclosure or data leakage.

This is a significant concern in information security, as it can lead to the exposure of sensitive information, such as personal identifiable information (PII) and intellectual property.

Cryptographic keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data, ensuring that only authorized parties can access the information. If a cryptographic key falls into the wrong hands or is compromised, it can lead to unauthorized disclosure of data.

There are several measures that organizations can take to protect against unauthorized disclosure. These include implementing access controls to limit who has access to sensitive data, such as role-based access control (RBAC), data classification, and data loss prevention (DLP) tools.

Encryption is another important safeguard against unauthorized disclosure. By encrypting sensitive data, even if it falls into the wrong hands, it will be unreadable without the appropriate cryptographic key. This can help to prevent unauthorized disclosure of data, even if other security measures fail.

Overall, preventing unauthorized disclosure of data is an essential component of an effective information security program. Organizations must take a holistic approach to security, implementing a range of measures to protect against this and other types of security threats.

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The class name is MobileDevice, the source code filename is MobileDevice.java, and the Java bytecode filename is MobileDevice.class. These names are descriptive and follow Java naming conventions.

a. The name of the class can be MobileDevice. This is a descriptive identifier name that follows Java naming conventions of using PascalCase for class names.
b. The filename in which the class source code will be found should be named MobileDevice.java. This is also a descriptive identifier name that follows Java naming conventions of using the class name as the filename with .java extension.
c. The filename in which the class Java bytecode will be found will be MobileDevice.class. This follows Java naming conventions of using the class name as the filename with .class extension.

There are various phases involved in converting source code into executable code. The programme was created by a programmer using a high-level programming language, and that is the source code. Before being compiled, the source code is processed by a programme called a preprocessor. Based on preprocessor instructions in the code, the preprocessor may change the source code, adding or eliminating certain code fragments.

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TCP uses sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and timeouts to track the transfer of data and ensure its successful delivery.TCP uses several mechanisms to track the transfer of data and ensure its successful delivery. These mechanisms include sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, checksums, and retransmission timers.

Sequence numbers are used to identify each segment of data transmitted by TCP, while acknowledgement numbers are used to confirm that each segment has been received by the receiving host. Checksums are used to detect any errors that may occur during transmission, and retransmission timers are used to resend any segments that are not acknowledged within a certain timeframe.

So to answer your question, TCP uses sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, checksums, and retransmission timers to track the transfer of data and ensure its successful delivery.

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To adjust the sensitivity of a SIEM dashboard's automated alerts, a security specialist might take several steps. First, they would need to analyze the types of data being collected and determine which events are most critical to monitor for security purposes. This could involve looking at past incidents or conducting a risk assessment to identify potential threats.

A security specialist can adjust the sensitivity of SIEM dashboard's automated alerts by following these steps:
1. Review the current settings: Analyze the existing alert configurations and determine if they are generating too many false positives/negatives.
2. Establish a baseline: Understand the normal behavior of the system by studying historical data and set thresholds based on this information.
3. Fine-tune alert thresholds: Adjust the sensitivity of the alerts by increasing or decreasing the thresholds. Higher thresholds will reduce false positives but may increase false negatives, while lower thresholds will do the opposite.
4. Implement contextual rules: Use contextual information like user roles, location, and time of day to create more accurate alerting rules.
5. Continuously monitor and adjust: Regularly review the performance of the alerts, and make adjustments to maintain a balance between false positives and false negatives. This will ensure the SIEM dashboard remains effective in detecting security incidents.

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To shift elements in an array, you will need to move each element to the right or left based on the operation you want to perform. This can be a costly operation, especially when working with large arrays.

To shift elements to the right in an array, you will need to start at the end of the array and move each element one position to the right until you reach the desired position where you want to insert a new element. This process can be achieved by using a for loop that starts from the last index of the array and iterates until the desired position is reached. Once the desired position is reached, you can insert the new element at that position.
Here is an example implementation of a shiftRight method:
```
public void shiftRight(int[] arr, int index, int value) {
   for (int i = arr.length - 1; i > index; i--) {
       arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
   }
   arr[index] = value;
}
```
This method takes three parameters: the array to shift, the index where the new element should be inserted, and the value of the new element to insert. The method then shifts all elements to the right of the index one position to the right, and inserts the new element at the index position.With this method, you can shift elements to the right in an array without having to manually shift each element yourself.

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In Zigbee's ad hoc networking, the mesh network is operated by Zigbee Routers.

These routers form the backbone of the network and act as intermediaries for communication between devices. They are responsible for routing data packets, maintaining the network topology, and ensuring reliable communication between all devices in the network.

In a Zigbee network, the ad hoc mesh is maintained and operated by Zigbee Routers. These routers help in relaying messages between devices and extending the range of the network. The other devices mentioned, such as Zigbee Hives, Zigbee End Devices, and Zigbee Controllers, have different roles within the network but do not operate the mesh directly.

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The type of attack you're referring to, in which a user reaches a directory outside of the WWW root directory and its subdirectories, is known as a(n) D. directory traversal attack.

This type of attack involves exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications to gain unauthorized access to files and directories outside the intended scope. It is different from A. cross-site scripting,

which targets the user's browser, B. SQL injection, which targets databases by injecting malicious SQL commands, and C. mobile code, which refers to any code transferred across networks and executed on a remote system.

Directory traversal attacks can potentially expose sensitive data and cause severe damage to a system's security.

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Domain constraints specify the permissible values for an attribute in a database. These constraints define the range of acceptable values for a particular attribute by establishing specific data types, format requirements, or value limitations. By imposing domain constraints on attributes, database designers can ensure data integrity, maintain consistency, and prevent the entry of invalid data.

Foreign key constraints, on the other hand, are used to establish relationships between tables in a database. They ensure that a record in one table has a corresponding record in another table based on a shared attribute, known as the foreign key. These constraints help maintain referential integrity within the database. Primary key constraints involve a unique identifier for each record in a table, which ensures that no two records have the same value for the designated primary key attribute. Inter-relational and intra-relational constraints pertain to the relationships between and within tables, respectively. Inter-relational constraints enforce rules across different tables, while intra-relational constraints deal with rules within a single table. In summary, domain constraints are responsible for defining the permissible values for an attribute, whereas foreign key, primary key, inter-relational, and intra-relational constraints play various roles in maintaining data integrity and establishing relationships within the database.

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We can assign a total number of 14 computers to an address from the block.

If an ISP assigned you a /28 IPv4 address block, you would be able to assign addresses to a certain number of computers. In the a /28 IPv4 address block, the subnet mask is 255.255.255.240, which means that there are 28 bits reserved for the network portion and the remaining 4 bits for the host portion.

To calculate the number of available host addresses, you can use the formula [tex]2^{number of host bits} -2[/tex]. In this case, there are 4 host bits, so the formula would be[tex]2^{4}-2[/tex], which equals 14. This means that you can assign addresses to 14 computers within this /28 IPv4 address block.

The subtraction of 2 accounts for the network address and the broadcast address, which are not assignable to individual computers. The network address identifies the network itself, while the broadcast address is used for communication with all devices on the network.

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