Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) require researchers to show that deception in a proposed research study ____.

In Giordano et al.'s theory, when a person forms a new identity and sees it as inappropriate for him/her to engage in deviant behavior, they have experienced a cognitive transformation.

Cognitive transformation is an essential aspect of the desistance process in the life-course perspective of crime. It highlights the importance of personal and social factors in shaping an individual's criminal trajectory. This transformation occurs when an individual reevaluates their life, past decisions, and future aspirations, leading to a change in their identity and perception of what is considered appropriate behavior.

According to Giordano et al., this change in identity can be influenced by various factors, such as exposure to conventional social bonds, positive role models, and pro-social support networks. These factors can help an individual develop a sense of belonging and purpose, which can encourage them to adopt a more conventional lifestyle.

In summary, the cognitive transformation in Giordano et al.'s theory highlights the importance of personal and social factors in shaping an individual's decision to desist from deviant behavior. This process involves a shift in identity and self-concept, leading to the recognition of the inappropriateness of deviant behavior and the motivation to change.

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The problem of social inequality in France has been a long-standing issue that has persisted for centuries. The French society was divided into various classes with the aristocracy being at the top, followed by the bourgeoisie, and the working class at the bottom.

The privileged class enjoyed significant wealth, power, and status, while the lower classes struggled to make ends meet. The French Revolution of 1789 was a significant turning point in the country's history, which aimed to eliminate social inequality and establish a fair and just society.

However, change has been slow and hard to come by due to several factors, including the entrenched power and influence of the privileged class, resistance to change, and the inability of the lower classes to unite and fight for their rights.

Additionally, the French government has often been reluctant to implement significant reforms that would lead to greater equality, as they have been fearful of upsetting the status quo and losing the support of the privileged class. This has resulted in a persistent problem of social inequality that has continued to exist to this day, with significant economic and social disparities between different classes of people in France.

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Watson's work was highly influential in shaping the field of psychology, particularly in the area of behaviorism. His emphasis on observable behavior and the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior continues to influence contemporary theories and research in psychology.

John B. Watson is considered one of the founding fathers of behaviorism, a school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of observable behavior in understanding human psychology.

Watson's approach to psychology was grounded in the idea that behavior is shaped by environmental factors, and that learning occurs through the consequences of one's actions. In this sense, Watson considered himself an operant conditioner, a term used to describe psychologists who study the relationship between behavior and its consequences.

Watson's work focused primarily on the study of animal behavior, which he believed was a useful model for understanding human behavior.

He conducted several experiments on rats and other animals to investigate the relationship between behavior and environmental stimuli, and developed the concept of classical conditioning, which describes how environmental stimuli can be used to elicit specific responses in animals or humans.

Overall, Watson's work was highly influential in shaping the field of psychology, particularly in the area of behaviorism. His emphasis on observable behavior and the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior continues to influence contemporary theories and research in psychology.

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The United Nations has taken a strong stance against child labor and considers it a violation of children's rights. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, sets out the fundamental human rights of all children, including the right to education, healthcare, and protection from exploitation.

Article 32 of the Convention specifically addresses child labor, stating that children should not be involved in work that is likely to be hazardous or interfere with their education, or that is harmful to their health or development. The UN also recognizes that cultural traditions must be respected, but not at the expense of children's rights. The International Labour Organization (ILO), which is part of the UN, has also adopted conventions and recommendations on child labor, setting out minimum standards for the elimination of child labor. These efforts reflect the global commitment to protecting the well-being and future of children.

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Muzafer Sherif is BEST known for the Robbers Cave experiments and for his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes.

Muzafer Sherif was a social psychologist known for his contributions to the study of social norms, group dynamics, and intergroup relations. He was born in Turkey in 1906 and immigrated to the United States in 1935. Sherif is best known for his Robbers Cave experiment, which demonstrated how group identity and intergroup conflict can emerge in even the most innocuous settings. In the experiment, two groups of boys were brought to a summer camp and quickly developed strong group identities, which led to hostility and conflict when they were pitted against each other.

Sherif also developed the concept of social norms, which are the unwritten rules that govern behavior in a given society or group. He argued that these norms are important for maintaining social order, but they can also lead to group polarization and intergroup conflict. Overall, Muzafer Sherif's research contributed greatly to our understanding of how social groups function and interact with each other.

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The emergence of the "fake news" phenomenon has caused confusion and concern about the modern meaning of journalism, truth, and media literacy. It has highlighted the need for individuals to critically evaluate the sources and content of the information they consume, and for media outlets to uphold ethical standards and accountability in their reporting.

What is the meaning of fake news?

Fake news refers to false or misleading information that is presented as if it were real news. It can be spread through traditional media outlets, such as newspapers and television, as well as through social media and other online platforms.

Fake news can take many forms, including fabricated stories, doctored images or videos, and misleading headlines designed to grab attention or manipulate public opinion. It can be created and disseminated for a variety of reasons, such as financial gain, political influence, or simply to generate clicks and website traffic.

Fake news can have serious consequences, as it can undermine public trust in legitimate sources of information, sow confusion and mistrust, and even contribute to social and political instability. It is important to be vigilant and critical when consuming news and information, and to seek out reliable sources and fact-checking resources to verify the accuracy of any claims or stories.

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In Hootsuite Inbox, you can view both public and private messages on connected social media accounts.

The Inbox feature allows users to manage and respond to all of their social media messages in one place. This includes direct messages, comments, and mentions on various social media platforms. By viewing both public and private messages, users can monitor and engage with their audience effectively and efficiently. Additionally, users can also filter their Inbox to focus on specific types of messages or social media platforms, such as public comments only or private messages only.

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True. The Asmat culture, which is an indigenous group located in Papua, Indonesia, has experienced constant interference from outsiders over the course of history.

This interference has come in many forms, including colonization, Christianization, and modernization efforts. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Asmat people faced significant pressure from the Dutch colonial government, which sought to assimilate them into mainstream Indonesian culture. This included the forced relocation of many Asmat people and the suppression of their traditional customs and practices. Additionally, Christian missionaries have been active in the region since the early 20th century, leading to the adoption of Christianity by many Asmat people and the decline of traditional religious beliefs. More recently, the Asmat people have been impacted by modernization efforts, such as the construction of a major road through their territory and the influx of outsiders seeking to exploit the region's natural resources. Overall, the Asmat people have had to contend with significant interference from outsiders throughout their history, which has had a profound impact on their culture and way of life.True, the Asmat culture experienced constant interference from outsiders throughout history. This interference had significant impact on the Asmat people, their traditions, and way of life.

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Stage directions. The term used to describe the characters and help you understand what they are thinking or feeling is Stage directions.

Stage directions are the term used to describe the written instructions in a play that tell actors where to move, how to say their lines, and what to do with props. These directions help the audience to understand the characters and their emotions, as well as the setting of the scene. Stage directions also provide important information to the actors and the production team, such as when to enter and exit the stage, where to stand, and how to use special effects.

They can also indicate the tone of the play or a particular scene, such as whether it is meant to be serious, humorous, or suspenseful. Without stage directions, a play would lack structure and coherence, making it difficult for both actors and audience members to fully understand and appreciate the story being told.

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The answer  is "all of the above." Television is often considered a universal example of common culture, as it is a widespread form of entertainment and communication.

However, the impact of television on individuals and families can vary. While it can be a passive activity that requires little concentration, it can also provide educational and informative content. The enjoyment of television can also diminish over time, leading to less rewarding experiences.

Additionally, while it can promote shared experiences within families, it can also hinder quality time spent together if it becomes a source of conflict or distraction. Overall, television can have both positive and negative effects on individuals and families.
The answer to your question is "all of the above." Television, as a universal example of common culture, can be a passive and low concentration activity, as it often doesn't require much mental effort. Additionally, it becomes less rewarding the longer it is viewed, leading to diminishing returns in enjoyment. Lastly, television both promotes and hinders the quality of family life, as it can provide shared experiences and entertainment, but also contribute to decreased communication and interaction among family members.

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Dan could be an industrial-organizational psychologist, also known as an I-O psychologist.

This type of psychologist applies principles of psychology to the workplace to improve the productivity, morale, and well-being of employees. I-O psychologists can help organizations with a variety of issues, such as employee selection and training, organizational development, performance evaluation, and work-life balance. Given Gwen's goals of boosting morale and productivity, it seems likely that Dan would be an I-O psychologist. Other possibilities might include clinical psychologists who specialize in working with workplace issues, or positive psychologists who focus on promoting well-being and positive emotions.

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Neuromotor impairments are brain-related impairments that also restrict one's ability to move other body parts. The correct answer is (D).

The World Health Organization defines disability in three ways: Weakness in an individual's body construction or capability, or mental working; Amputation, vision loss, and memory loss are all examples of impairments. limitation in activity, such as having trouble seeing, hearing, walking, or solving problems.

An impairment, in the traditional sense, is a problem with a body structure or organ; incapacity is a useful restriction concerning a specific action; Furthermore, a handicap is a disadvantage in life when compared to one's peer group.

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Q-Impairments that are the result of injury to the brain that also affect the ability to move

parts of one's body are

A) neurological impairments.

B) traumatic brain injuries.

C) orthopedic impairments.

D) neuromotor impairments.

When our own attitudes and behavior feel supported because someone else's attitudes and behaviors are similar to our own, it is called social validation or social proof.

This psychological phenomenon occurs when we perceive that others are confirming the correctness of our beliefs, attitudes, or actions. As social beings, humans have an innate desire to belong and be accepted by others, leading us to conform to the social norms established within our group or society.

Social validation can serve as a valuable heuristic, helping us make decisions and navigate social situations more effectively. However, it can also lead to conformity bias, where individuals may adopt attitudes or behaviors that may not necessarily be in their best interest, simply because others in their social circle are doing so.

In summary, social validation refers to the support and affirmation we experience when others around us have similar attitudes and behaviors, which can be both beneficial and detrimental, depending on the context.

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When humans talk about things that happened in the past or that are going to happen in the future, they are manifesting a language ability known as displacement.

There are several definitions of language. According to English phonetician and linguist Henry Sweet, language is the representation of ideas via the use of speech-sounds that are joined to form words. Sentences are formed by stringing together words in a way that mirrors how ideas are put together in thinking.

The following definition of a language was created by the American linguists Bernard Bloch and George L. Trager: "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which a social group cooperates." Any concise explanation of language introduces a lot of assumptions and raises a number of queries. For instance, the first overvalues "thought," but the second employs "arbitrary" in a specialised yet acceptable manner.

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In the twilight series movies, main character Edward Cullen can be seen driving a Volvo car. This is an example of product placement.

Product placement is a form of advertising in which a company's product is prominently displayed or used in a scene of a movie, television show, video game, or other media. It is a way for companies to reach a large audience and increase brand recognition, as well as associate their product with certain values or lifestyles portrayed in the media. In the case of the Twilight series, the use of the Volvo car was a deliberate choice to convey a sense of luxury and sophistication, as well as to align the brand with the youthful and trendy image of the movie franchise.

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According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to learn and apply problem-solving strategies is a component of analytical intelligence.

Here are a few major characteristics of analytical intelligence:

Lydia's analytical intellect manifests itself in her capacity to learn how to solve problems and use problem-solving tactics.

This type of intelligence is frequently highly appreciated in academic and professional settings because it enables people to analyse complex material, solve tough problems, and make informed decisions.

Individuals like Lydia can benefit from recognising and developing analytical intelligence.

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The construct validity of a measure of emotional intelligence would be supported by positive correlations between scores on the measure and scores on a measure of Gardner's multiple intelligences.

Gardner proposed that there are different types of intelligences, including interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence, which are closely related to emotional intelligence. Therefore, if a measure of emotional intelligence is valid, it should correlate positively with measures of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

This would demonstrate that emotional intelligence is a distinct and important form of intelligence that is not simply a measure of general cognitive ability. Valid measures of emotional intelligence are essential for accurately assessing and developing this important skill.

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When listening to a friend talk about a problem at work, the right hemisphere of the brain would help you understand his facial expressions. '

This is because the right hemisphere is responsible for processing non-verbal cues, including facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language. As your friend speaks about his work problem, the right hemisphere would be activated, allowing you to pick up on subtle facial expressions and nonverbal cues that may help you better understand his emotions and feelings about the situation.

The right hemisphere is also important for empathy and social awareness, which allows you to relate to your friend's experience and offer appropriate support and advice. In short, the right hemisphere plays a critical role in helping us understand the emotional and nonverbal aspects of communication, which can be especially important in situations where we need to offer support or guidance to a friend in need.

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The groups of people who live among those who are cooperative may be more likely to survive than those people who live among groups of people who are competitive. This idea is referred to as the "survival of the fittest" principle, which was originally proposed by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer and later popularized by Charles Darwin in his theory of natural selection.

The basic idea is that individuals and groups who are better adapted to their environment, whether through cooperative behavior, physical traits, or other characteristics, are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. This principle can apply to many different aspects of life, from evolutionary biology to economics and social behavior.

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A child who consistently uses logical thinking to solve conservation problems is likely in Piaget's concrete operational stage. This stage is typically between the ages of 7 and 11, and is characterized by the child's ability to think logically and understand cause-and-effect relationships.

Children in this stage are able to understand conservation, which is the idea that the amount or quantity of a substance does not change even if its appearance changes. For example, they understand that a tall, thin glass of water contains the same amount of water as a short, wide glass of water. This is a significant milestone in cognitive development, as it shows that the child is able to reason and think logically, and can understand the world around them in more complex ways. Overall, Piaget's stages of cognitive development provide a useful framework for understanding how children's thinking and reasoning abilities change and develop over time.

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This falls under the principle of non-discrimination, where government assistance is available to all individuals who meet the eligibility criteria, regardless of their race, gender, creed, or color.

In other words, the government provides assistance based on need and does not discriminate against individuals based on their personal characteristics.
All individuals who qualify for government assistance can receive it, without regard for their race, gender, creed, or color. This falls under the principle of non-discrimination, which ensures equal treatment and access to resources for all eligible individuals.

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Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate defense mechanism of displacement.

Displacement is a defense mechanism in which emotions or impulses are redirected from their original target to a less threatening or socially acceptable substitute target. In this scenario, the child is unable to express their anger towards their parents, so they displace it onto the family pet.

It is important for parents to recognize and address the underlying issues that may be causing the child's anger, rather than simply punishing the behavior. By doing so, they can help the child develop healthier ways of coping and expressing their emotions.

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A severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic is known as a "flight of ideas."

This phenomenon is commonly associated with mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder, particularly during manic episodes, and schizophrenia. Flight of ideas involves rapid speech and a continuous flow of thoughts that seem unrelated or tangentially connected. It can be challenging for listeners to follow the speaker's train of thought, as the individual may jump from one topic to another without providing any context or logical connection. This communication pattern can make it difficult for the person experiencing it to convey their thoughts effectively and may result in misunderstandings or confusion.

In some cases, flight of ideas may also include elements of pressured speech, where the person feels an urgent need to communicate their thoughts and may speak more quickly, loudly, or forcefully than usual. It is essential to understand that individuals experiencing a flight of ideas may not be aware of the disjointed nature of their speech, as they often believe their thoughts are connected and make sense.

Treatment for the flight of ideas typically focuses on addressing the underlying mental health disorder, such as managing bipolar disorder through mood stabilizers, antipsychotic medications, and psychotherapy. By effectively managing the condition, individuals can regain control over their thought processes and improve their verbal communication.

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The theory of emotion based on the central premise that physiological responses to stimuli come first and that they determine or induce emotions is known as the somatic theory of emotion.

This theory proposes that emotions arise from the perception of changes in bodily sensations or "somatic" responses, such as changes in heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension, rather than being triggered directly by external events. The theory suggests that our interpretation of these bodily sensations leads to the experience of different emotions.

The somatic theory of emotion is one of the earliest and most influential theories of emotion, proposed by William James in the late 19th century. According to this theory, emotions are not just subjective feelings, but are also accompanied by a range of bodily sensations and changes. The theory emphasizes the importance of the body in the experience of emotions and highlights the intimate connection between the mind and the body. However, some critics have argued that the theory does not fully explain the complexity of emotions, which also involve cognitive, social, and cultural factors.

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The coordination and transaction costs for states changed significantly when the national government moved from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was weak and had limited powers. It did not have the authority to regulate interstate commerce or collect taxes, which meant that individual states had to negotiate and coordinate with each other on their own. This lack of coordination led to significant transaction costs, such as tariffs and trade barriers, that hindered economic growth and development.

In contrast, the Constitution created a stronger central government with more authority to regulate interstate commerce and taxation. This reduced the need for individual states to negotiate and coordinate with each other, leading to a significant reduction in transaction costs. Additionally, the Constitution established a system of checks and balances between the branches of the federal government and between the federal government and the states, which further reduced the coordination costs for states. As a result, the transition from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution marked a significant shift in the balance of power between the national government and the states, and had a major impact on the coordination and transaction costs associated with inter-state commerce and governance

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One form of misrepresentation is knowingly making a false statement upon which another may rely to their detriment. In other words, it occurs when someone intentionally provides incorrect information that negatively affects another party who depends on that information.

Misrepresentation is a legal concept that arises in various situations, such as in contract law, tort law, or even in criminal law. It often involves a party providing false or misleading information to induce another party into entering into an agreement, resulting in harm or loss to the victim. This could be a false statement about the quality of a product, the financial status of a company, or even about one's personal background.

To prove misrepresentation, the victim must typically show that the false statement was made knowingly, that they relied on the statement, and that they suffered damages as a result. In some cases, misrepresentation can lead to a voidable contract, allowing the injured party to rescind the agreement and seek compensation for any losses suffered. In more severe cases, the individual making the misrepresentation may face legal penalties or be held liable for any harm caused by their actions.

Overall, misrepresentation is a serious issue that can have significant consequences for both the party making the false statement and the party who suffers harm as a result of relying on that information.

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The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

It is a mental health condition that can affect individuals who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as crime victimization.

Symptoms of PTSD can include avoidance of reminders of the event, hyperarousal, and intrusive thoughts and memories. PTSD can significantly impact an individual's daily life and relationships, making it important for them to seek professional help for treatment.

Therapeutic interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication, can help manage symptoms and improve overall quality of life for those with PTSD.

Hence, the answer is PTSD.

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When performing vertical phoria and vergences, the compensatory vergence for the horizontal deviation is equal to the difference between the actual phoria and the horizontal phoria that was achieved during the test.

In this case, if 4 BD over the right eye creates horizontal alignment on average, it means that the horizontal phoria for this individual is 4 prism diopters base out (BO) over the right eye. If the actual horizontal phoria is less than 4 BO, then the compensatory vergence for the horizontal deviation will be a convergence (inward movement) of the eyes. Conversely, if the actual horizontal phoria is greater than 4 BO, then the compensatory vergence for the horizontal deviation will be a divergence (outward movement) of the eyes. It is important to note that the compensatory vergence required to achieve horizontal alignment may vary based on factors such as distance, accommodation, and lighting conditions. Additionally, the vertical phoria may also affect the compensatory vergence required for horizontal alignment. Therefore, it is important to perform a thorough eye examination to accurately assess and manage any binocular vision disorders.

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Sapir and Whorf proposed the concept of linguistic relativity, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This theory suggests that the language one speaks influences their perception and understanding of the world around them.

According to this hypothesis, people who speak different languages will have varying worldviews and interpretations of events based on the linguistic structures and vocabulary of their language. In other words, language shapes how individuals perceive and think about the world.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has been debated among linguists and cognitive psychologists, with some suggesting that language plays a more limited role in shaping cognition, while others propose that language has a powerful influence on thought processes. Regardless, the concept of linguistic relativity has sparked significant interest and research in the fields of linguistics, cognitive psychology, and anthropology, leading to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between language and cognition.

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Children and adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions are called neglected.

Negligence toward children represents one of the main frequent types of child maltreatment. It can have an unfavorable long-term impact on a child's physical and mental health. Parental mental health, poverty, drug and alcohol addiction, and other multifaceted problems can all contribute to child neglect.

Most parents don't intentionally neglect their children; instead, they have excellent intentions. But regrettably, some parents can't provide for a child's requirements in a satisfactory manner. A kid who has been neglected may experience physical, psychological, and behavioral effects that affect their entire development and health. Neglect may have long-lasting effects and can result in high-risk behaviors, even if a child is taken out of a poor circumstance.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

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