In microbiology, the term "growth" usually refers to increasing the number of microbial cells.
Microbial growth refers to an increase in cell number, not an increase in cell size. Many microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) are unicellular. In other words, it consists of only one cell.
Growth of multicellular organisms is usually measured as an increase in the size of a single microorganisms , whereas microbial growth is measured by an increase in population, by measuring an increase in cell number or an increase in total mass.
Microbial cells include molds, yeasts and bacteria, the latter being the most important from a health and safety standpoint. Microbial growth is affected by temperature, water activity (relative humidity of the meat), pH and nutrient concentration.
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lauren was walking in the woods when she found a rotting log. when she looked closely at the log, she saw that a decomposer was working to break down the wood. which could be the decomposer she saw on the log?
A. grass
B. mouse
C. mushroom
D. caterpillar
Answer:
C. mushroom
Explanation:
8. a) How are the events in the menstrual cycle triggered by the body? (1 point)
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There is a supply of undeveloped eggs in the ovaries. At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, between 6 and 12 undeveloped eggs in the ovaries start to mature. A layer of cells grows around them. At around day 5 of the menstrual cycle, the biggest follicle will continue to grow for another week. At around day 14, the follicle breaks apart, and the wall of the ovary ruptures. The egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube, where it can get fertilized. This process is called ovulation. The uterus also changes during the course of the menstrual cycle. It has a lining of cells on the inside, kind of like a cushion with a lot of blood vessels. Fallopian tubes connect the ovaries and the uterus. The uterine cycle begins with menstruation. This is the process through which most of the lining and blood from the last uterine cycle are cleared out of the uterus to prepare for a new attempt at pregnancy. Starting at around day 5, the lining starts to grow. It builds back up to prepare a place for the egg to grow if it gets fertilized. After ovulation, the egg reaches the oviduct. If sperm cells have entered the vagina during intercourse, fertilization may occur at any time in the next two weeks. Then the fertilized egg will move into the uterus and implant itself into the lining, where development will begin.
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The events in the menstrual cycle are primarily triggered by hormonal signals from the body. The menstrual cycle is a complex process regulated by the interplay of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.
1. Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus, a region of the brain, releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a pulsatile manner. GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland.
2. Pituitary gland: In response to GnRH, the pituitary gland secretes two important hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
3. Follicular phase: At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the developing eggs (oocytes).
As the follicles grow, they produce estrogen, a hormone that helps prepare the uterus for a possible pregnancy.
4. Ovulation: As the estrogen levels rise, it triggers a surge in LH production by the pituitary gland. The LH surge leads to the release of a mature egg from the ovary, a process called ovulation.
5. Luteal phase: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle in the ovary transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which prepares the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.
6. Menstruation: If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of estrogen and progesterone decline. This drop in hormone levels triggers the shedding of the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding.
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Compare the effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle with its effect on skeletal muscle. Can you explain the mechanistic basis for the difference
Answer:
The action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, released by the vagus nerve in the heart, slows the heart rate and weakens the force of contraction. The skeletal muscle has the ability to perceive a stimulus and respond to it. As regards skeletal muscles, the stimulus is chemical in nature: acetylcholine released by the motor nerve ending. The response of the muscle fiber is the production and propagation along its membrane of an electrical current (action potential) that causes muscle contraction.
Explanation:
Acetylcholine is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system. Acetylcholine receptors are nicotinic (ionotropic) and muscarinic (metabotropic GPCR). In skeletal muscle of adults, acetylcholine binds to the alpha subunit of the nicotinic channel, which are two of the five subunits that make up the pore of this channel. Acetylcholine released by the nerve ending binds to the receptor in the sarcolemma and triggers an electrical current - the action potential. This spreads along the sarcolemma and causes a signal to pass from the T tubule to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the triad, which then releases calcium ions (Ca ++). Once the calcium ions are released, by diffusing between the actin and myosin protein filaments, they cause the myofibrils to contract. On the other hand, in cardiac and smooth muscle cells, acetylcholine binds to 7M proteins, which do not function as channels, but are typical members of the GPCR class A superfamily. One of the physiological mechanisms of acetylcholine is the regulation of the heart rate, through the mobilization limited to the inner face of the plasma membrane of the dimer bg of protein G. This dimer transduces the specific binding of the ligand with its receptor in the plane of the membrane, thanks to its proximity with the ion channel or with enzymes bound to the plasma membrane. This can be done because its g subunit remains attached to the inner face of the membrane.
Question 13 of 35
Which option describes the direction of thermal energy transfer in Earth's
oceans?
A. From the poles to the equator
B. From cool areas to warm areas
C. From the ocean floor to its surface water
D. From the equator to the poles
SUBMIT
Answer: D. From equator to the poles.
Explanation: took the exam
Cinder cones have steeper flanks than shield volcanoes, but cinder cones occupy the same area of land as shield volcanoes.
a. True
b. False
Answer:trueeeee
Explanation:
What two kinds of information do you need to describe the velocity of an object?
Answer:
magnitude and direction
List two advantages and two disadvantages of a having a selective permeable membrane.
Pls help
What is NOT apart of a seed?
Answer:
A) Stigma
Explanation:
This option makes the most sense of all of them. The food storage option is incorrect because food storage is a part of a seed. The stigma is part of producing the seed, not part of the actual seed. The testa is the seed coat (part of a seed). The plumule is also part of a seed (stem or seedling).
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In prokaryotes, certain proteins act to regulate genes by binding to DNA. What could be the effect of these binding proteins?
Answer:
increase/reduced transcription of those genes
Explanation:
protein binds either allowing or preventing transcription
which of the following statements is true? hydroelectric power does not damage the environment. waste from nuclear power plants is dangerous to human health thermal pollution decrease as the temperature of aquatic ecosystems oil sinks in water which me most spills sink before harming plants and animals
Answer:
waste from nuclear power plant is dangerous to human health
Answer:
B) Waste from nuclear power plants is dangerous to human health.
Explanation:
Its was right on Odyssy ware
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brief explain the roles of the following in photosynthesis 1 NADP 2) Ribubose diphostate 3) photosytem 1 ad 2
Answer:
1) NADP is the reducing agent produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and is consumed in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis and used in many other anabolic reactions in both plants and animals.
3) Photosystems are the functional units for photosynthesis, defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons. Physically, photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes. There are two kinds of photosystems: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II
● PhotosystemSII acts first during the light transformation process in photosynthesis.
● Photosystem1 is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from
plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Ultimately, the electrons that are transferred by carrier NADPH.
The bananas eaten today are not the bananas that have always been eaten. In the early 1900's a different banana called the "Gros Michel" or "Big Mike' was the primary banana sported By 1950 a fungus had wiped outalmost all of the banana plantations that used the Big Mike and crops had to be changed. Bananas that are available throughout stores worldwide are all clones of the Cavendish banana Cloning is a process where the DNAfrom one organism is identically replicated and used to create a genetically identical organism Some plantations are starting to report a fungus impacting their Cavendish crops the same way the Big Mike crops wereImpacted. What is likely outcome for Cavendish bananas since most of the crops are clones?
Answer: d
Explanation:
What is the probability that the son is colorblind?
Answer:
I do believe 50 percent
Explanation:
You get traits from both mom and dad
what is the best cancer books which I can read them?
An osteocyte is a main cell type in which tissue ?
1) adipose
2) cartilage
3) loose connective tissue
4) bone
5) blood
Answer:
Bone-
Explanation:
In England, after the trees changed from light to dark, what happened to the color of
the moths over time?
More black moths than white moths appeared.
Grey moths developed.
The smoke stained the moths changing their color.
More white moths than black moths appeared.
Answer:
option A
Explanation:
is the correct answer of this question.
plz mark my answer as brainlist plzzzz.hope this will be helpful to you.
Answer:
I would have to say
A. More black moths than white moths appeared.
Explanation:
A black form of the peppered moth rapidly took over in industrial parts of the UK during the 1800s, as soot blackened the tree trunks and walls of its habitat. And it was indeed an early discovery; black moths, strikingly different from the insect's usual mottled white.
The following is an example of mechanical energy
a. Riding a bike
b. Eating food
c. The sun
d. A fire giving off heat
Answer:
The answer is A.
Explanation:
Because it involves motion and kinetic energy.
The relationship between a carnivore and an herbivore can be stated as
A
parasite and host
B
predator and prey
C
prey and predator
D
scavenger and parasite
The relationship between a carnivore and an herbivore can be stated as B predator and prey.
What are the predator and prey ecological relationships?The predator and prey ecological relationships can be defined as ecological associations in which an organism serves as food for others in the food web, thereby leading to the homeostasis of the whole system in the food chain.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that predator and prey ecological relationships are based on different trophic levels where one organism situates below in the food chain is the prey of another.
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how are cnidarians different from sponges?
Answer:
★ Cnidarians have groups of similar cells that work together as tissues, while sponges have no tissues, only disconnected regions of specialized cells.
Explanation:
Hope you have a great day :)
here is the answer it is C
Describe how knowing the column (group) number is a "cheat code" for determining the number and types of bonds that an element can form.
Answer and Explanation:
The columns of the periodic table are able to inform the number and type of connection that the elements can make. This is because the number of each column informs the number of electrons in the valence layer of the elements. The amount of electrons in the valence layer is what determines the amount and type of bond that the elements make. The elements in column 1, for example, have 1 electron in the valence layer and therefore will make 1 covalent bond. The elements of columns 15, as another example, have 5 electrons in the valence layer and will need to make 3 ionic or covalent bonds.
To describe how knowing the group number is a cheat code to determine the type of bonds that can be formed, we should first define periodic table
What is periodic tablePeriodic Table is a series of elements in which they are arranged in increasing order of their atomic number from left to right but the table also have groups (column) from up to downwards each group have atoms with same number of electrons in their last shell due to which they all have almost similar properties such as same magnetic properties ,same number of bonds formation, metallic character .
We can say that similarity in properties of members of same group is due to same number of valance electrons . For example group 14 i.e. Carbon Family ,all elements of this group will have 4 valance electrons and will form 4 bonds by sharing of their electrons.
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Which are ways that humans can lower biodiversity as they us environment? Check all that apply. A. Converting a forest to soccer fields B. Spraying pesticides on lawns An C. Building roads across tundra D. Replacing riverbanks with concrete bulkheads and
Answer:
A, B, C, and D
Explanation:
All of the options represent ways by which humans can lower biodiversity as they use the environment.
By definition, biodiversity or biological diversity of an area refers to the total number of living organisms that are domicile in that area.
Converting a forest to a soccer field requires that the variety of plants and animals in the forest are removed and the forest soil is planted with turfs in their place. Thus the biodiversity of the forest has been greatly reduced in other to pave way for a soccer field.
A pesticide is an agrochemical that kills pests. Pests are biological organisms even if they are not that desirable on the lawn. Thus, killing them off using a pesticide is a way of reducing the biodiversity associated with the lawn.
A tundra represents an ecoregion with its own characteristic plants and animal, even if they are few. Hence, building roads across tundra requires that portions of the biodiversity are removed to pave way for the road.
Riverbanks serve as habitats for a variety of living organisms. Replacing them with concrete bulkheads means that the habitat is lost and the organisms displaced. Thus, the biodiversity of the region gets reduced.
Therefore, options A, B, C, and D are all correct.
How are fern sporophytes and moss sporophytes different?
Answer
The main difference between mosses and ferns is the presence or absence of a vascular system.
Explanation:
The gametophyte is prominent is mosses, but the sporophyte is prominent in ferns. The sporophyte of ferns is differentiated into true leaves, stem, and roots. In contrast, mosses lack true leaves, stem or roots.
ples HEL MEEEEEEEAndy learns in school that plants grow best when they receive an optimal range of water, sunlight, and nutrients. He decides to do an experiment with bean plants to test this idea. Over the course of a month, he is planning on giving five bean plants different amounts of water. His watering schedule is outlined below. Amount of Water Plant Every Week A O mL B 10 mL с C 100 mL D 1.000 mL E 10,000 mL What will be the most likely result of his experiment?
Answer:
plant and e will die
Explanation:
4. The lowest level of organization in living
organisms isA. cellB. system C. tissue D. organ
Explanation:
a. cell . . . . . . . .......
Answer:
cell
Explanation:
How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar?
A, Both processes break down glucose.
B. Both processes create food for organisms.
C. Both processes produce waste.
D. Both processes take place in chloroplasts.
Answer:
C. Both processes produce waste.
:)
es verdadero o falso
para que un organismo pluricelulares se reproduzca asexualmente sus celulas deben estar diferencicidas
Answer:
FALSO O VERDADERO QUIEN SABE XD AJAJAJAJAJAAJAJAJAJSJDJDJSJAAJAJSJS
if you were not able to experience the above listed changes, what might have caused such difference?
Answer:
If you don't experience the listed changes above you will get very curious about yourself and you might lose some confidence due to not being able to experience some changes others have experienced.
Which statement describes the general relationship between the temperature and the absolute brightness of main sequence stars?
As temperature decreases, absolute brightness increases.
As temperature decreases, absolute brightness remains the same.
As temperature increases, absolute brightness increases.
As temperature increases, absolute brightness remains the same.
Answer:
As temperature increases, absolute brightness increases
Explanation:
As temperature increases, absolute brightness increases
As temperature increases, absolute brightness increases. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What is absolute brightness?Absolute brightness, also known as absolute magnitude, is a measure of the intrinsic luminosity of a star, which is its total energy output per unit of time. Absolute brightness is defined as the brightness a star would have if it were placed at a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years) from Earth. This standard distance allows astronomers to compare the luminosity of stars with different distances from Earth.
Absolute brightness is an important measure for astronomers because it helps them determine the true luminosity and size of a star. It also helps astronomers classify stars based on their luminosity and temperature, which is related to their evolutionary stage. For example, main sequence stars, which are stars in the process of burning hydrogen to helium, are classified based on their temperature and absolute brightness
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What 3 types of science formed the geological time scale?
a) archaeology, paleontology, astrology
b) Scientology, astronomy, and geology
c) geology, archaeology, and paleontology
d) paleontology, Scientology, and biology
Answer: c) geology, archaeology, and paleontology
Explanation:
The geological time scale can be defined as a scale which is used to determine the chronological dating of the organisms in the geological strata. It helps in determining the occurrence and existence of particular kind of species on planet earth. It can also be used to trace the development and passage of a particular kind of trait from one generation to the another. It can also be used to trace back various geological events that occurred on planet earth like volcanic eruption, plate tectonics, and others. The geologists used it for tracing the geological activities that occurred in the history of earth. Archaeologist study about rocks and fossils to trace back the geological time scale. Paleontologist study the existence of a particular species via studying the fossil evidences and reconstructing the primitive conditions by developing a geological time scale. They trace the evolutionary history of organisms.
When water seeps into the ground the hydrosphere is interacting with what sphere?
Answer:
When water falls and seeps into the ground it actually interacts with the lithosphere