I need help with this fossil record thing

There has been a rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide level and global temperature since 2014.

This is referred to as the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or body and its SI unit is Kelvin.

Carbon dioxide has been on the rise due to it being formed from the combustion of fossil fuel burning thereby leading to global warming.

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Answer:

Cell Shape: Large surface area = Function: Absorption/metabolism increases

Explanation:

The large the surface area of a cell allows for more receptors to interact to increase the amount of metabolism that occurs within the cell. The example you provided, columnar and epithelial cells, are found in various locations throughout the body but are most notable found in the intestinal lining of our intestines. The shape of the columnar which is made up of epithelial cells is waved shaped to allow for more surface area within a given location. Consequently, leading to further absorption.

In the early 1900s, cities like Philadelphia reduced the incidence of typhoid fever by filtering the city's drinking water through sand bed filters.

In 1906-07, the largest typhoid fever epidemic in history occurred. The infection was due to Emsworth oysters whose oyster beds had been contaminated with raw sewage. The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most devastating, was Mary Her Marron, also known as Typhoid Her Mary.

Ultimately, Philadelphia adopted a defense that worked well in Europe. That was to clean the water supply with a filtration system. After the construction of filter systems in the early 20th century, the incidence of typhoid fever dropped dramatically and the incidence of the disease was eventually eliminated entirely.

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All of the answer options regarding the cell cycle are true.

The cell cycle consists of a series of steps in which chromosomes and other cellular material are replicated to create two copies. The cell then divides into her two daughter cells, each receiving a replicated copy of the substance. The cell cycle is completed when each daughter cell is surrounded by its own outer membrane.

The cell cycle consists of interphase (G 1 , S, and G 2 phases) followed by mitotic phases (mitosis and cytokinesis) and G 0 phases.

The cell cycle can be viewed as the life cycle of a cell. In other words, the sequence of growth and development steps by which a cell undergoes its “birth”, i.e. formation and reproduction by division of the mother cell, dividing to produce two new daughter cells.

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Kin selection, which contends that genes are more likely to survive within a population when they result in actions that benefit other animals who share those genes, may be the cause of altruistic behavior in animals.

According to the kin selection theory, animals are more likely to show altruistic behavior toward their relatives than toward other members of their species. Furthermore, data suggests that the stronger the bond, the greater the degree of altruism.

When a person's actions are driven by a desire to help another person for that person's sake rather than their own, that behavior is typically referred to as altruistic. The phrase is used to contrast with being "self-interested" or "selfish."

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Some people develop allergies or breathing issues is one way that poor air quality can create problems for humans in the United States.

The level of poor air quality and the resulting health risk increase with increasing AQI values. An AQI value of 50 or less, for instance, suggests clean air, even though one of over 350 indicates polluted air.

Poor air quality can aggravate asthma and related disorders, irritate ones eyes, nose, & throat, induce shortness of breath, and have negative effects on the heart and circulatory system. Long-term exposure to contaminated air can result in more severe issues.

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Starting by the top, the yellow sphere is an Amino Acid. On it's left is a Protein, formed by a chain of Amino Acids. To the right of the Amino acid it is a tRNA, the responsible for carring the Amino Acids. Under the tRNA, the arrow pointing to a red part is showing a Ribossome. Under the Ribossome box, the arrow is point to the A site of the Ribossome; and on the other side is the E site of Ribossome. At the bottom, the arrow that is pointing to the bottom part of the Ribossome is pointing to a Codon. And the last one at the left bottom site is pointing to the mRNA.

Translation involves "decoding" a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its information to produce a polypeptide or chain of amino acids. Overall, a polypeptide is basically a protein (with the technical difference that some large proteins are made up of many polypeptide chains).

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Ependymal cell is the type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus.

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain are lined by ependymal cells, which produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). These cuboidal to columnar cells circulate and absorb CSF with the help of cilia and microvilli on their surfaces.

Ependymal cells have a role in the distribution of hormones and neurotransmitters related to the central nervous system, depending on their location. Additionally, the ependymal cells' microvilli have the ability to absorb CSF, control its flow, and allow specific chemicals to enter and exit the brain. The ependyma, like most glial cells, helps to osmotic homeostasis in the brain by regulating glucose and ions.

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Osteoporosis causes bone density to decrease due to decreased osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, and external factors like long-term medication. Option B. All choices are potential causes.

Let us first review what the bone cells are and their functions,

• Osteoprogenitores → in charge of osteocytes production

• Osteocytes → maintain the matrix

• Osteoblasts → Synthesize and secrete osteoid matrix that will later calcify

• Osteoclasts → Phagocytic cells in charge of osseous resorption and bone modulation.

Osteoporosis is a no-symptoms disease -silent- that causes a decrease in the bone mineral and mass density and might change the bone structure.

Osteoporosis weakens the bone until it breaks. So this affection becomes evident when a fracture occurs.

Several factors lead to osteoporosis development. Among them, we can mention,

The increased rate of bone resorption is the major mechanism by which osteoporosis occurs. It deteriorates bone structure and decreases bone density.

Bone resorption and deterioration might be caused by

Other external factors also increase the probability of developing osteoporosis. Some of them are,

According to this framework, the potential causes of the Osteoporosis are Decreased osteoblast activity, Increased osteoclast activity, Secondary to external factors like drugs/cancers.

Hence, option B is correct, All choices are potential causes.

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Based on the chi-square value and p-value, the statistical decision is to reject the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The biological decision is that this population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Chi-square value: 15.23

P-value: 0.05

Statistical decision: Reject

Biological decision: This population is not in HWE.

Step 1: Calculate allele frequencies

To calculate allele frequencies, we need to know the total number of alleles in the population. In this case, there are 400 AA, 400 Aa, and 200 aa individuals, for a total of 1200 alleles. Since there are two alleles (A and a), we can calculate the frequency of each allele by dividing the total number of each allele by the total number of alleles:

f(A) = 400/1200 = 0.6

f(a) = 800/1200 = 0.4

Step 2: Calculate predicted HWE genotype frequencies

Using the allele frequencies, we can calculate the predicted HWE genotype frequencies using the equation:

f(AA) = f(A)*f(A) = 0.6*0.6 = 0.36

f(Aa) = 2*f(A)*f(a) = 2*0.6*0.4 = 0.48

f(aa) = f(a)*f(a) = 0.4*0.4 = 0.16

Step 3: Calculate chi-square value and p-value

The chi-square value is calculated by comparing the observed and expected frequencies of the genotypes in the population. In this case, the observed frequencies are 400 AA, 400 Aa, and 200 aa individuals, while the expected frequencies are 0.36 AA, 0.48 Aa, and 0.16 aa individuals. The chi-square value is then calculated as follows:

chi-square value = 15.23

The p-value is calculated by comparing the chi-square value to a chi-square table with 1 degree of freedom. In this case, the p-value is greater than 0.05.

Step 4: Make a statistical and biological decision

Based on the chi-square value and p-value, the statistical decision is to reject the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The biological decision is that this population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

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According to phylogenetic tree, the organisms of 5 and 15 would most likely be considered to be one family.

A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

A phylogenetic tree, also known as a phylogeny, is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

Phylogenetics is a powerful approach in finding evolution of current day species. By studying phylogenetic trees, scientists gain a better understanding of how species have evolved while explaining the similarities and differences among species.

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D. A, B, and C are correct regarding DNA sequence. A technique for figuring out the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called Sanger sequencing, commonly referred to as the chain termination method.

Frederick Sanger, a two-time Nobel laureate, and his colleagues invented the technique in 1977; hence, the Sanger Sequence. DNA template, DNA sequence primer, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides (dNTPs), dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs), buffer, and dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) are needed for Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing is a technique for DNA analysis that uses electrophoresis and is based on DNA polymerase's haphazard incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides during in vitro DNA replication. It is frequently used to check for known familial variations, to validate NGS results, and in rare cases, for single gene sequencing.

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C. Daily hassles  is NOT one of the three main types of stressors.

Any factor is referred to as a stressor if it causes the release of stress hormones. Physiological (or bodily) and psychological stressors are the two main categories of stressors. When someone has little to no influence over how a situation will turn out, this happens. have obligations that are too heavy for you. Your life isn't busy enough, active enough, or changing enough. You might experience abuse, hostility, or discrimination. Contrarily, anxiety is defined by excessive worry that continues even when there is no stressor.

causes of stress include:

important adjustments in one's life.

Education or employment.

connections that are difficult

concerns with money.

being too preoccupied

a family and kids.

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Answer: D. biological mutagens​

Explanation:

Answer:

Methane is formed as a result of Mining of coal

A nucleotide is made up of the  three components: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups.

The nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The sugar found in the RNA is ribose and the sugar found in DNA is deoxyribose.

So, to form a nucleotide, you would need to combine one of the nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, or G) with a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and one or more phosphate groups. For example, adenine + ribose + phosphate would form the nucleotide adenosine.

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Chicken, beef, pork, and egg are sources of protein from most efficient to least efficient.

option(a) and option(b) i.e, being an informed consumer and buying locally farmed produce supports sustainable agriculture.

overnutrition is consuming more calories than necessary. undernutrition is consuming less calories than necessary. malnutrition is not consuming enough food to gain specific nutrients needed to sustain life.

option ( a, b, e, f, i, and j ) are risks of using pesticides.

Large biomolecules and macromolecules known as proteins are made up of one or more extended chains of amino acid residues. It aids in cell regeneration and repair in your body.

Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming in a way that satisfies society's current demands for food and textiles without endangering the ability of present or future generations to meet their own needs. It might be founded on knowledge of ecosystem services.

The biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to sustain its life is known as nutrition. Consumption, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion are all included. Nutritional science is the field of study that focuses on the physiological aspects of nutrition.

Pest control agents are compounds known as pesticides. Insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insecticide, animalized, microbicide, fungicide, and lampricide are some examples of these.

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The majority of the evidence appears to support the novel pathogen hypothesis for white-nose syndrome.

There may be cause for concern if a newly discovered respiratory pathogen, often known as an emerging and novel respiratory pathogen, causes severe acute respiratory illnesses.

In literary language, a book is a lengthy narrative work. Both entertainment and story-telling are goals of narrative prose. A group of characters, a location, and an outcome are all described in the description of a series of events. Depending on the genre, the majority of publishers favor novels that are between 80,000 and 120,000 words long.

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We know more about the moon because we have more tools to get there and when it comes to the ocean we don't have to tools to get there yet to even learn about it.

The genotypes of the parents to produce offspring with the genotypes FF and Ff are FF and Ff.

The Punnett square is a graphical representation used to determine the frequency of a given genotype.

In this case, the Punnett square may be (alternatively, parents can also be heterozygous):

     F     f

F   FF   Ff

F   FF   Ff

In conclusion, the genotypes of the parents are FF and Ff.

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A stimulus is considered neutral if it first causes only the attention to be focused. When combined with an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus.

An organism initially does not react to a neutral stimuli. The word "neutral" denotes objectivity and independence. As a result, no specific response is connected to a neutral input. When the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly alongside the unconditioned stimulus at the same time, a response known as a conditioned response will start to be elicited.

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Explanation:

Phytoplankton is the base of several aquatic food webs . In a balanced ecosystem, they provide food for a wide range of sea creatures

Down in the ocean depths lot's of nutrients are available for the phytoplankton but without sunlight they can't grow phytoplankton use nutrients and must be transported to the surface

Answer:

socorrates dijo conócete a ti mismo

yo digo conócete a tus usuarios

y adivina que ellos no piensan como tú

Explanation:

conócete primero a ti mismo

The probability that the resulting child will not inherit the disease is 25%.

Assuming that the disease is represented by the allele A (a). Huntington's disease is autosomal dominant.

Thus, the genotypes of the two parents will be Aa each.

    Aa    x    Aa

   AA   Aa   Aa   aa

Probability of the child having Huntington's = 3/4 or 75%

Probability of the child not having Huntington's = 1/4 or 25%

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The electric field near an infinite line charge can be calculated and formulated such that

E= 2kλ/d

Here, k is the Coulomb constant and

λ is the line charge density, and d is the distance from the line charge.

Putting all the values in the given formula,

E= 1.15×10^8 N/C

In organisms called eukaryotes, DNA is found inside a special area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome.

The molecule now known as DNA was first identified in the 1860s by a Swiss chemist called Johann Friedrich Miescher. Johann set out to research the key components of white blood cells part of our body's immune system. The main source of these cells was pus-coated bandages collected from a nearby medical clinic.

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It is possible to compute and express the electric field at an infinite line charge such that E= 2k/d. In this case, d is the distance from the line charge, k is the Coulomb constant, and is the density of the line charge.

E= 1.15×10^8 N/C

In eukaryotic organisms, the nucleus is a particular area of the cell where DNA is found.

Although the cell is fairly small, each creature's cell contains several DNA molecules. In the 1860s, a Swiss scientist named Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered the original discovery of the DNA molecule. Johann set out to look into the fundamental components of the white blood cells that make up our bodies' immune systems.

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Answer: what about carbohydrates and lipids you're asking about?

Explanation:

forests provide a habitat for many organisms in addition they reduce the amount of dioxide in the atmosphere and produce oxygen. it mean to say that They should be kept usable by future generations.

The most effective ecosystem in nature is a forest, where a high level of photosynthesis has an impact on both the animal and plant systems in a web of intricate biological interactions.

The importance of forests cannot be overstated. We rely on trees for everything we need to thrive, including the oxygen we breathe and the lumber we use. Forests provide more than simply a place for animals to live and a way for people to survive. They decrease the consequences of climate change, safeguard soil erosion, and safeguard watersheds.

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