draw the major product(s) of electrophilic chlorination of o-xylene.

Answer:

The removal of second electron from alkaline earth metals leads to the stable octet state in M2+ ions. In case of alkali metals it is not so. Since the removal of electron leads to stability, hence it can easily removed leading to lowering of second ionization enthalpy in alkaline earth metals.

Explanation:

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Answer:

C.) 109.9 g/mol

Explanation:

The molar mass is the sum of each element's atomic weight times their quantity. There is one atom of each element unless denoted by subscripts.

Atomic Mass (Li): 6.9410 g/mol

Atomic Mass (S): 32.065 g/mol

Atomic Mass (O): 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (Li₂SO₄): 2(6.9410 g/mol) + 32.065 g/mol + 4(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (Li₂SO₄): 109.939 g/mol

Taking into account the definition of calorimetry, sensible heat and latent heat, the amount of heat required is 2.243974 kJ or 2,243.974 J.

Calorimetry is the measurement and calculation of the amounts of heat exchanged by a body or a system.

Sensible heat is defined as the amount of heat that a body absorbs or releases without any changes in its physical state (phase change).

Latent heat is defined as the energy required by a quantity of substance to change state.

When this change consists of changing from a solid to a liquid phase, it is called heat of fusion and when the change occurs from a liquid to a gaseous state, it is called heat of vaporization.

In firts place, you know that the melting point is 0°C. So, first of all you must increase the temperature from -14 ° C (in solid state) to 0 ° C, in order to supply heat without changing state (sensible heat).

The amount of heat a body receives or transmits is determined by:

Q = c× m× ΔT

where Q is the heat exchanged by a body of mass m, made up of a specific heat substance c and where ΔT is the temperature variation.

In this case, you know:

Replacing:

Q1= 2.09 [tex]\frac{J}{gC}[/tex] × 4.88 g× 14 °C

Solving:

Q1=142.7888 J= 0.1427888 kJ

The heat Q that is necessary to provide for a mass m of a certain substance to change phase is equal to

Q = m×L

where L is called the latent heat of the substance and depends on the type of phase change.

In this case, you know:

Replacing:

Q2= 0.2711 moles×6.02 [tex]\frac{kJ}{mol}[/tex]

Solving:

Q2= 1.632022 kJ

Similar to sensible heat previously calculated, you know:

Replacing:

Q3= 4.18[tex]\frac{J}{gC}[/tex] × 4.88 g× 23 °C

Solving:

Q3= 469.1632 J= 0.4691632 kJ

The total heat required is calculated as:  

Total heat required= 0.1427888 kJ + 1.632022 kJ + 0.4691632 kJ

Total heat required= 2.243974 kJ= 2,243.974 J

In summary, the amount of heat required is 2.243974 kJ or 2,243.974 J.

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Answer:

-43.3 °C

Explanation:

To find the temperature, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law equation. The equation looks like this:

PV = nRT

In this formula,

-----> P = pressure (atm)

-----> V = volume (L)

-----> n = moles

-----> R = Ideal Gas Law constant (0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)

-----> T = temperature (K)

By plugging the given values into the equation and simplifying, you can find the temperature. After you get a temperature, you need to convert it into Celsius.

P = 2.88 atm                              R = 0.08206 atm*L/mol*K

V = 3.76 L                                   T = ? K

n = 0.574 moles

PV = nRT

(2.88 atm)(3.76 L) = (0.574 moles)(0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)T

10.8288 = (0.04710244)T

230. K = T

Kelvin - 273.15 = Celsius

230 K - 273.15 = -43.3 °C

0.18 M nitrous acid + 0.13 M sodium nitrite is a good buffer system.

Hence, Option A is correct answer.

It is a solution that prevent any changes in the pH of the solution on the addition of an acidic and basic components.

Now lets check all options one by one:

Option (A): 0.18 M nitrous acid + 0.13 M sodium nitrite

Nitrous acid is a weak acid and sodium nitrate is a conjugate base. This is a buffer.

Option (B): 0.27 M nitric acid + 0.25 M sodium nitrate

Nitric acid is a strong acid and sodium nitrate is neutral salt. So this is not good buffer.

Option (C):  0.29 M ammonia + 0.40 M potassium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide is a strong base and Ammonia is also a strong base. So this is not a good buffer.

Option (D): 0.15 M sodium hydroxide + 0.30 M sodium chloride

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and Sodium chloride is a ionic salt. So this is not a good buffer.

Option (E): 0.32 M sodium chloride + 0.20 M calcium chloride

Sodium chloride is a ionic salt and calcium chloride is a salt of strong acid. So this is not a good buffer.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 0.18 M nitrous acid + 0.13 M sodium nitrite is a good buffer system.

Hence, Option A is correct answer.

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Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 1×10⁻¹¹ M.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

A solution had a hydrogen ion concentration of 1×10⁻³ M. In other words [H⁺]= 1×10⁻³ M.

Replacing in the definition of pH, it is calculated as:

pH= - log (1×10⁻³ M)

Solving;

pH= 3

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pOH can be calculated as:

pOH + 3= 14

Solving:

pOH= 14 - 3

pOH= 11

Replacing in the definition of pOH the concentration of OH⁻ ions is obtained:

- log [OH⁻]= 11

Solving:

[OH⁻]= 10⁻¹¹

[OH⁻]= 1×10⁻¹¹ M

In summary, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 1×10⁻¹¹ M.

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Answer:

Mole Fraction (H₂O)  =  0.6303

Mole Fraction (C₂H₅OH)  =  0.3697

Explanation:

(Step 1)

Calculate the mole value of each substance using their molar masses.

Molar Mass (H₂O): 2(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (H₂O): 18.014 g/mol

200.0 g H₂O            1 mole
---------------------  x  ------------------  =  11.10 moles H₂O
                                 18.014 g

Molar Mass (C₂H₅OH): 2(12.011 g/mol) + 6(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (C₂H₅OH): 46.068 g/mol

300.0 g C₂H₅OH              1 mole
----------------------------  x  --------------------  =  6.512 moles C₂H₅OH
                                         46.068 g

(Step 2)

Using the mole fraction ratio, calculate the mole fraction of each substance.

                                            moles solute
Mole Fraction  =  ------------------------------------------------
                               moles solute + moles solvent

                                                  11.10 moles H₂O
Mole Fraction  =  -------------------------------------------------------------
                               11.10 moles H₂O + 6.512 moles C₂H₅OH

Mole Fraction (H₂O)  =  0.6303

                                             6.512 moles C₂H₅OH
Mole Fraction  =  -------------------------------------------------------------
                               11.10 moles H₂O + 6.512 moles C₂H₅OH

Mole Fraction (C₂H₅OH)  =  0.3697

Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Ribosomes}[/tex]

Explanation:

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

Mass of liquid reactant A is 11g.

as we know that,

reactant = product

from conservation of mass

so, liquid reactant A + liquid reactant B = liquid product + solid product

substituting the values, we get,

liquid reactant A + 9 = 8 + 12

liquid reactant A + 9 = 20

liquid reactant A = 20 - 9

liquid reactant A = 11g

Hence, mass of the liquid reactant A is 11g.

what is a reactant ?

A reagent, also known as an analytical reagent, is a substance or compound that is added to a system in chemistry to bring about a chemical reaction or check to see whether one happens. Although the terms "reagent" and "reactant" are frequently used synonymously, "reactant" refers to a material that is consumed during a chemical reaction.

Mass of liquid reactant A is 11g.

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42.34 g of water could be warmed from 21.4°C to 43.4°C  by the pellet dropped inside it

Heat loss by the pellet is equal to the Heat gained by the water.

[tex]q_{w} = -q_{p}[/tex] ….(1)

where, [tex]q_{w}[/tex] is the heat gained by water

[tex]q_{p}[/tex] is the heat loss by pellet

[tex]q_{w}[/tex] = mCΔT

where m = mass of water

C = specific heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g-°C

ΔT = Increase in temperature

ΔT for water = 43.4 - 21.4 = 22°C

[tex]q_{w}[/tex] = m × 4.184 × 22 …. (2)

Now

[tex]q_{p}[/tex] = [tex]H_{c}[/tex] ×ΔT

where [tex]H_{c}[/tex] = Heat capacity of pellet = 56J/°C

Δ T for pellet = 43.4 - 113 =- 69.6°C

[tex]q_{p}[/tex] = 56 × -69.6 = -3897.6 J

From equation (1) and (2)

-m× 4.184 × 22 =-3897.6

m= 42.34 g

Hence, 42.34 g of water could be warmed from 21.4 degrees Celsius to 43.4 degrees Celsius by the pellet dropped inside it.

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Considering the combined law equation, the new temperature is -244.56 °C or 28.44 K.

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container, when the temperature is constant: if the pressure increases, the volume decreases while if the pressure decreases, the volume increases.

Mathematically, this law states that the multiplication of pressure by volume is constant:

P×V=k

Charles's law states that the volume is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas: if the temperature increases, the volume of the gas increases while if the temperature of the gas decreases, the volume decreases.

Mathematically, Charles' law states that the ratio of volume to temperature is constant:

[tex]\frac{V}{T} =k[/tex]

Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature: increasing the temperature will increase the pressure, while decreasing the temperature will decrease the pressure.

Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's law states that the ratio of pressure to temperature is constant:

[tex]\frac{P}{T} =k[/tex]

Combined law equation is the combination of three gas laws called Boyle's, Charlie's and Gay-Lusac's law:

[tex]\frac{PxV}{T} =k[/tex]

Considering an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:

[tex]\frac{P1xV1}{T1} =\frac{P2xV2}{T2}[/tex]

In this case, you know:

Replacing in the combined law equation:

[tex]\frac{760 mmHgx15 L}{243 K} =\frac{58 mmHgx23 L}{T2}[/tex]

Solving:

[tex]T2x\frac{760 mmHgx15 L}{243 K} =58 mmHgx23 L[/tex]

[tex]T2 =\frac{58 mmHgx23 L}{\frac{760 mmHgx15 L}{243 K}}[/tex]

T2= 28.44 K= -244.56 °C

Finally, the new temperature is -244.56 °C or 28.44 K.

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Answer:

3

Explanation:

An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides of the reaction. You can change these amounts by adding coefficients.

The unbalanced equation:

FeCl₃ + NH₄OH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + NH₄Cl

Reactants: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 1 nitrogen, 5 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

Products: 1 iron, 1 chlorine, 1 nitrogen, 7 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

The balanced equation:

FeCl₃ + 3 NH₄OH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + 3 NH₄Cl

Reactants: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 3 nitrogen, 15 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

Products: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 3 nitrogen, 15 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

Ammonium Chloride = NH₄Cl

The first law of thermodynamics with pressure volume equation is written as E = Q - PΔV.

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another.

It also states that the internal energy (E) is equal to the difference of the heat transfer (Q) into a system and the work (W) done by the system.

E = Q - W

The first law of thermodynamics with pressure volume equation is given as;

W = PΔV

E = Q - PΔV

Thus, the first law of thermodynamics with pressure volume equation is written as E = Q - PΔV.

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Answer:

reactants and products

Explanation:

According to law of conservation of mass

In a chemical reaction

So by balancing equation we fulfil this law

Answer:

oxidation-reduction reaction, also called redox reaction, any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a participating chemical species changes. The term covers a large and diverse body of processes.

Answer:

a.) The garden plants provide energy to all the other organisms. While not every organism consumes garden plants directly, every organism's food lineage can be traced to garden plants. For instance, while ground beetles do not directly consume garden plants, they do eat snails, and snails eat garden plants.

b.) The slug population might increase is the aphid population decreased because there would be less competition for food resources. Both populations consume garden plants, and there is only a finite number of garden plants. Therefore, there is a limit that each population can consume. If there were less aphids eating the garden plants, there would be more left for the slugs. Less starving slugs would lead to greater reproduction and thus a higher slug population.

Answer: temperature and salinity.

Explanation:

Answer: 5.72%

Explanation:

Given:

Experimental value of gas constant, R = 0.0878 L.atm/mol⋅K

Known value of gas constant, R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol⋅K

This percent error is defined as the difference in percentage between a measurement's real value and its observed value.

[tex]\text { Percent Error }=\frac{\mid \text { Experimental Value }-\text { Known Value } \mid}{\text { Known Value }} * 100[/tex]

[tex]\text { Percent Error }=\frac{\mid \text {0.0878}-\text { 0.0821 } \mid}{\text { 0.0821 }} * 100[/tex]

[tex]\bf{Percent \ Error = 5.72\%}[/tex]

The sublevels that contains only orbitals that are shaped like bells are the 3p. That is option C.

Atomic orbitals are defined as the mathematical terms that are used to describe the positions of electrons on the atoms.

Examples of sublevels of atomic orbitals are s, p, d, and f. The 3p are the only orbitals that are bell like in shape

Therefore, sublevels that contains only orbitals that are shaped like bells are the 3p.

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Caffeine - Lead (Pb) - Copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) - Sodium chloride (NaCl) - Silver (Ag) - Tungsten

Answer:

12 moles Cl⁻

Explanation:

To find the moles Cl⁻, you need to (1) calculate the moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) using the molarity equation and then (2) convert moles MgCl₂ to moles Cl⁻ (via the mole-to-mole ratio from formula subscripts). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.

Molarity (M) = moles / volume (L)

2 M = moles / 3 L

6 = moles MgCl₂

1 MgCl₂ = 1 Mg²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻

6 moles MgCl₂            2 moles Cl⁻
------------------------  x  -----------------------  =  12 moles Cl⁻
                                   1 mole MgCl₂

Answer:

4 NH₃ + 3 O₂ -----> 2 N₂ + 6 H₂O

Explanation:

An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides of a reaction. To balance the elements, you can add coefficients to modify the amount of elements/molecules present. It is important to have the smallest coefficients possible.

The unbalanced equation:

NH₃ + O₂ -----> N₂ + H₂O

Reactants: 1 nitrogen, 3 hydrogen, 2 oxygen

Products: 2 nitrogen, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

The balanced equation:

4 NH₃ + 3 O₂ -----> 2 N₂ + 6 H₂O

Reactants: 4 nitrogen, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen

Products: 4 nitrogen, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen

The mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ that would be produced from 5 moles of ethanol, C₂H₅OH is 440 g

We'll begin by calculating the moles of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced. This can be obtained as follow:

C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ --> 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

1 mole of C₂H₅OH reacted to produce 2 moles of CO₂

Therefore,

5 moles of C₂H₅OH will react to produce = 5 × 2 = 10 moles of CO₂

The mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced from the reaction can be obtained as follow:

Mole = mass / molar mass

10 = Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ / 44

Cross multiply

Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ = 10 × 44

Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ = 440 g

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Answer:

Blue or green

Explanation:

A chemical called anthocyanin is in red cabbage juice, which changes color depending on the pH of its environment. Dishwasher soap is usually alkaline, making the juice turn a blue-green color.

Answer:

NH₄ClO₃ and NaCl

Explanation:

This appears to be a double-displacement reaction. In these reactions, the cation of one compound is swapped with the cation of another.

So, NH₄⁺ from NH₄Cl is swapped with Na⁺ from NaClO₃. It is important that the resulting ionic compound has an overall charge of 0. In this case, the charges perfectly balance, so there only needs to be one atom of each ion in the compounds.

1.) NH₄ClO₃

-----> NH₄⁺ and ClO₃⁻

-----> +1 + (-1) = 0

2.) NaCl

-----> Na⁺ and Cl⁻

-----> +1 + (-1) = 0

The chemical equation:

NH₄Cl + NaClO₃ -----> NH₄ClO₃ + NaCl

The thing that will happen to mangroves if nearby a coral reefs are destroyed is that:

The destruction that is known to have taken place in mangrove forests in the area of the coastal wetlands is known to be one that is highly  depleting the amount of natural tannins in the water.

Due to the above, this is known to have subjected the close by coral reefs to have what we call an undue UV radiation. Its effect is that the reefs are said to be sunburned a lot and then the coral bleaching takes place.

Therefore, The thing that will happen to mangroves if nearby a coral reefs are destroyed is that Option C: Reefs will receive less sunlight due to increased turbidity in the water.

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The entropy change will be negative because the number of particles in the system decreased from left to right.

The term entropy refers to the degree of disorder in a system. We know that the production of gases would lead to an increase in the entropy of the system.

Now given the equation;  N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) --> 2NH₃ (g), the entropy change will be negative because the number of particles in the system decreased from left to right.

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Answer:

0.46 grams (C₆H₅)₂CO

Explanation:

To find the mass of benzophenone ((C₆H₅)₂CO), you need to (1) convert mmoles to moles and then (2) convert moles to grams (via molar mass). It is important to arrange the conversions/ratios in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 2 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value (2.5 mmoles).

Molar Mass ((C₆H₅)₂CO): 13(12.011 g/mol) + 10(1.008 g/mol) + 15.998 g/mol

Molar Mass ((C₆H₅)₂CO): 182.221 g/mol

2.5 mmoles (C₆H₅)₂CO               1 mole                  182.221 g
-----------------------------------  x  ------------------------  x  -------------------  =
                                                1,000 mmoles            1 mole

=  0.46 grams (C₆H₅)₂CO

The correct option is D. 0.2 M CaCl2​ is has the lowest freezing point.

When one significance liquefies into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogenous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. The solute is the essence that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with multiple different classifications and forms of solutes and solvents. In this branch, we will focus on a resolution where the solvent is water.

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Answer:

36.4 atm

Explanation:

To find the pressure, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law. The equation looks like this:

PV = nRT

In this equation,

-----> P = pressure (atm)

-----> V = volume (L)

-----> n = moles

-----> R = constant (0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)

-----> T = temperature (K)

Before you can plug the given values into the equation, you first need to convert Celsius to Kelvin.

P = ? atm                         R = 0.0821 L*atm/mol*K

V = 5.00 L                       T = 393 °C + 273.15 = 312.45 K

n = 7.10 moles

PV = nRT

P(5.00 L) = (7.10 moles)(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(312.45 K)

P(5.00 L) = 182.130

P = 36.4 atm

The product of pressuré and volume of an ideal gas is proportional to the absolute temperature.

An ideal gas is a gas that is not real in nature. It is a hypothetical gas that obeys the ideal gas law.

Just like normal gas particles, the particles of an ideal gas also move randomly. However, unlike normal gas molecules, the molecules of an ideal gas do not interact with one another.

The ideal gas law states that the product of the pressure and the volume of a gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas.

Mathematically, the ideal gas equation is expressed as:

PV = nRT where n = number of mole of the gas and R = constant.

Thus, the best conclusion from the ideal gas law is the product of pressure and volume is directly proportional to the temperature.

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