The number of DNA copies increases exponentially with each cycle.
The key components of the PCR method include:
1. Target sequence - the specific DNA segment that needs to be amplified.
2. Primers - short DNA sequences that bind to the target sequence and initiate DNA replication.
3. DNA polymerase - an enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.
The number of DNA copies that result after each cycle of PCR depends on the number of cycles performed. In the given table, the number of PCR cycles ranges from 2 to 20. After each cycle, the number of DNA copies doubles. Therefore, after 2 cycles, there would be 4 copies of the target sequence, after 3 cycles there would be 8 copies, after 4 cycles there would be 16 copies, and so on. The final number of DNA copies at the end of 20 cycles would be 1,048,576 copies.
Hi! I'd be happy to help you with your question on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) components and DNA copies. The key components of the PCR method include:
1. Target sequence: The specific DNA segment that you want to amplify.
2. Primers: Short DNA sequences that bind to the target sequence, allowing the DNA polymerase to start copying the DNA.
3. DNA polymerase: The enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands using the original DNA as a template.
4. Heat: PCR involves cycles of heating and cooling to separate DNA strands, bind primers, and extend the new DNA strands.
After each PCR cycle, the number of DNA copies doubles. So, for each cycle:
1. Cycle 1: 2 copies
2. Cycle 2: 4 copies
3. Cycle 3: 8 copies
4. Cycle n: 2^n copies
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Metformin and longevity (METAL): a window of opportunity study investigating the biological effects of metformin in localised prostate cancer
Metformin and longevity (METAL): a window of opportunity study investigating the biological effects of metformin in localized prostate cancer is totally based on the working of metformin .
What is Metformin? A biguanide oral hypoglycaemic drug called metformin is frequently prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin has been linked to a decreased risk of cancer incidence of a number of solid tumors, including prostate cancer, in addition to its anti-diabetic impact (PCa).The biochemical mechanisms behind these observations in PCa have not yet been thoroughly characterized. The formation and progression of PCa are thought to be influenced by high insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels, hence one theory is that the indirect insulin reducing impact may have an anti-neoplastic effect.To learn more about Metformin with the given link
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Both parents of a newborn are heterozygous for an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. What are the odds that the newborn would also display the disorder
PLEASE ANSWER QUICK
Angiosperms represent
Group of answer choices
Seedless Vascular Plants
Nonflowering Seed Plants
Flowering Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Answer:
"Flowering Seed Plants"
Explanation:
Angiosperms are vascular plants, which bears seeds in fruits or mature ovaries. Angiosperm forms flower that carries reproductive organs and fruits.
Check all that are functions of the blood in the body transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells
Answer:
The functions of blood are ;
They carry cells that help fight pathogens .Regulate blood temperatures Prevent blood lose Transport of waste tot he liver and kidney for cleansingExplanation:
Blood carries white blood cells which helps in fighting of pathogens to keep the bod immune from infections .
Blood adjusts to environmental temperatures to keep the body either warm or cold.
When a person gets injures , blood avails platelets to the surface , which in turn hardens to form a clot on the wound hence prevent blood lose .
Use the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the table to form words that will match these definitions
Answer:
Zoology: The study of animals
-----> Zoo- = related to animals
-----> -ology = study of
Chlorophyll: a green pigment located in plant leaves necessary for photosynthesis
-----> chloro- = green
-----> -phyll = leaf
Microscope: an instrument used to view small objects
-----> micro- = small
-----> -scope = instrument for viewing
Multicellular: having many cells
-----> multi- = many
-----> -cellular = having to do with cells
Hydrolysis: when a chemical breaks when reacting with water
-----> hydro- = related to water
-----> -lysis = a releasing, loosening, or breaking
Osteopathy: a branch of medicine involving the treatment of diseases through manipulation of the bones, muscles, and/or joints
-----> osteo- = bone
-----> -pathy = suffering, disease
Photosynthesis: the process by which organisms use light to put together food made up of carbon dioxide and water
-----> photo- = light
-----> -synthesis = to put together
Excretion: the process of separating/expelling waste from the body
-----> ex- = out
-----> -cretion = the process of separating
Macrophyte: a plant large enough to be seen by the human eye
-----> macro- = large
-----> -phyte = plant
Biometer: an instrument used to measure evolved carbon dioxide in an effort to detect life
-----> bio- = life
-----> -meter = instrument used to measure
Why are the products of the light reaction of photosynthesis importnant
Answer:
it produces atp and nadph
Explanation:
Retrieve your animal tissue specimens. If you have an Edmentum lab kit, your specimens are frog skin, human cardiac (heart) muscle, and human red blood cells. As you did with the protist slide, start with the lowest magnification and record what you see. Identify the structure of the tissue and whether you can see any individual cells and cell structures. Repeat with the next two magnification settings. In the answer space, write down what you observed for each sample under each magnification.
Some of the things observed when a human red blood cell is placed under a microscope are:
They have a donut shapeThey look like biconcave discsThe presence and/or absence of a nucleusWhat is a Microscope?This refers to the lab tool that is used to view very small objects in detail to find out their properties.
Hence, we can see that although your question is incomplete, a general idea of things that can be observed when a human red blood cell is placed under a microscope was discussed.
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Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma
Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma.
The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells.
Researchers insert stem cells into the apparatus, either human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be created from adult cells. Then, the researchers add chemicals to nearby wells that trigger cells to develop essential human embryonic features.
Stem cells are found in a wide variety of organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, blood, bone marrow, muscle, skin, heart, and liver tissues. They are dormant in these regions until required to regenerate lost or damaged tissue.
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If [e]t was the concentration of lactase in the kinetics trials, what expression gives the concentration of lactase in the commercial preparation of this enzyme?
DF = 1/250 x 1/2
Vt = Et
Vf = final concentration of lactase in the commercial preparation
DF = Vt / Vf
Vf = Vt / DF
Vf = Et / (1/250)(1/2)
Vf = Et x 500
The commercial preparation was first diluted by 1 - 250 to prepare the stock solution, and it was further diluted by 1 -2 by mixing with the substrate stock solution to perform the kinetics experiments.
Therefore, the dilution factor is done when you take whatever you initial volume was - in this case 1mL - and divide it by the new diluted volume - 0.1mL + 25mL. Then we get is 0.1/25.1, which is more easily solved as 1/250.
Since, this was a double dilution, 1mL of the initial dilution was diluted further with 1mL of substrate. So the second dilution factor will be 1/(1+1) = 1/2.
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Jorge Lopez worked 40 hours this week and earned $1,000 in total compensation. Federal and state taxes and other withholdings totaled $350. Jorge's gross pay totals $
The Jorge's gross pay totals $1,000.
What is gross pay?
For households and individuals, gross income is the sum of all wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings, before any deductions or taxes.
If Jorge Lopez worked 40 hours this week and earned $1,000 in total compensation, we can confidently say that Jorge Lopez's gross pay is the total amount received before any tax deduction which will be $1,000.
Thus, the Jorge's gross pay totals $1,000, since gross pay is the sum of all wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings, before any deductions or taxes.
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Answer: Jorge’s gross pay totals $ 650
Explanation:
Trust me bro
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems?
Programmed cell death, or _____, takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis , takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
What causes apoptosis?Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Unwanted cells, such as those between a developing hand's fingers, are removed during the early stages of development. Adult bodies employ apoptosis to get rid of cells that can no longer be repaired. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of cancer.
A cell will begin to undergo apoptosis when the survival signals are abruptly removed or when it separates from its surrounding cells. Additionally, heightened cellular stress brought on by conditions of extreme heat, DNA damage from radiation or chemotherapy, or pathogenic infection can cause cell death through apoptosis.
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Antelopes and elephants feed on the same species of grasses and shrubs in a savanna and the fitness of each species is reduced when they co-occur. What form of species interaction occurs between the antelopes and elephants
Interspecific competition occurs between antelopes and elephants.
The term "competition" refers to the process that takes place among many species as they fight for the same limited resources in order to maintain their own existence. This struggle over resources occurs among organisms because these species occupy niches that overlap, and as a result, they are compelled to use the same resources like food, water, and shelter.
Competition can be either interspecific or intraspecific. The term "interspecific competition" refers to a type of competition that occurs between various species that live in the same biological area and are dependent on the same source of food.
In the question, both antelopes and elephants feed on the same grass and shrub species. Therefore they compete amongst themselves as a result of which their fitness is reduced.
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According to carl rogers, the ________ is how people see their actual traits and abilities.
According to Carl Rogers, the real self is how people see their actual traits and abilities.
The Real Self and the Ideal Self make up the personality, according to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers. They are words that are used to characterize a person's personality facets. The true talents, aptitudes, preferences, and attributes of an individual are reflected in one's real self.The ideal self and the real self were further split by Rogers into two groups. The difference between your real self and your ideal self is that the latter is the person you truly are. Rogers emphasized the requirement for consistency between these two selves.For example, your ideal self might be someone who spends a lot of time learning, does well in science topics, and is not sickened by the sight of blood. If your Real Self differs significantly from this idealized version, you may feel unsatisfied with your life and like a failure.learn more about Carl Rogers here: https://brainly.com/question/14988475
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Which is the most anterior cranial nerve?
The most anterior cranial nerve is the terminal nerve (CN 0), a thin nerve passing along the medial side of the olfactory tract.
The terminal nerve, also known as cranial nerve 0 or simply as CN 0, is a nerve that was not included in the seminal classification of the cranial nerves as CN I through CN XII but is now generally classified as a cranial nerve. The nerve terminal is a specialized region of a neuron, separated from the neuronal soma by an axon that can be exceedingly long, whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon.
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The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the
Tunica media is the layer of the arteriole wall that can contain smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction.
What is tunica media?The smooth (involuntary) muscle cells and elastic fibers that make up the tunica medium, or middle coat, are organized in roughly spiral layers. The tough tunica adventitia, also known as the outer coat, is a layer that serves as support. It is made primarily of collagen fibers.
The arterial wall's ability to support mechanical loads is also impacted by its elasticity. The etiology of atherosclerotic lesions is significantly influenced by the media's metabolic condition. Vascular SMCs, elastin, and collagen fibers are grouped in a highly ordered manner in the tunica media.
Muscular arteries typically have diameters between 0.1 and 10 millimeters. Muscular arteries are able to play a significant part in vasoconstriction due to their thick tunica media.
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The theory most likely to compare a family to the human body with its many parts, or to a computer program with its many interrelated components, is __________. Group of answer choices biosocial family systems exchange family ecology
The theory most likely to compare a family to the human body with its many parts, or to a computer program with its many interrelated components, is Correct family systems.
What is the basic family systems theory?The primary focus of family systems theory is on the behavioral exchanges that occur during a specific moment of contact between family members. According to the notion, both problematic and nonproblematic behaviours are created, maintained, and perpetuated through patterns of interaction between family members.
Family interactions, family functions, family features, and the family life cycle make up the four parts of a family system, sometimes known as the "four key aspects" or "family pillars." Family systems theory is derived from the fields of biology and cybernetics going back to the 1940s and 1950s.
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what does meteorologist study
Answer:
weather
Explanation:
The specific place of an organism in an ecosystem is called its
Answer:
The specific place where an organism lives is called its habitat.
A member of the ________ has been implicated as having a role in obesity.
a. both herpesviruses and poxviruses.
b. parvoviruses.
c. adenoviruses.
d. herpesviruses.
e. poxviruses.
A member of the adenoviruses has been implicated as having a role in obesity. That is option C.
What is Obesity?Obesity is defined as the eating disorder which is characterized by the body mass index that is above 30.
There are various types of obesity which includes the following:
Class 1 (low-risk) obesity, if BMI is 30.0 to 34.9. Class 2 (moderate-risk) obesity, if BMI is 35.0 to 39.9.Class 3 (high-risk) obesity, if BMI is equal to or greater than 40.0.The symptoms of obesity include the following:
Excess body fat, particularly around the waist.Shortness of breath.Sweating more than usual.Snoring.Trouble sleeping.Skin problems from moisture accumulating in the folds.Inability to perform simple physical tasks you could easily perform before weight gain.Recently, the adenoviruses has been associated to the causes of obesity.
It has been discovered that the virus directly acts on the adipocytes.
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Action potential propagation begins (is first generated at) what region of a neuron?
The beginning of an action potential triggers close to the presynaptic cell's soma and the impulse's axonal propagation to presynaptic terminals.
Action potentials' fidelity, timing, and waveform during their transmission and arrival at the presynaptic terminal influence critical aspects of the synchronisation and effectiveness of synaptic communication at glutamate synapses in glutamate transmission.
Voltage-gated sodium conductances are crucial for initiating and spreading action potentials in neurons. Within milliseconds, voltage-gated sodium channels are activated and deactivated. Sodium channels open as the cell membrane becomes depolarized, causing an influx of sodium ions to depolarize the membrane further.
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For each molecule of glucose that is processed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of nadh fadh2 molecules produced?
12 is the total number of NADH FADH2 molecules that will be produced.
In each citric acid cycle, one molecule of FADH2 is formed during the conversion of succinic acid to fumaric.
The CAC is called a cycle because the starting molecule, oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
It is also known as Krebs cycle. This is actually a part of a huge process called cellular respiration. The citric acid cycle captures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of acetyl CoA (processed glucose) in a step-by-step process, trapping it in the form of high-energy intermediate molecules.
NADH:- It is an energy shuttle that delivers high energy electrons to the electron transport chain where they eventually get to power the production of 2 to 3 ATP molecules.
FADH:- This is another energy shuttle that carries high energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they will ultimately drive production of 1 to 2 ATP molecules.
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Use Figure 1 to evaluate each trigonometric function of angle A . The side adjacent to angle A has length 8 and the side opposite angle A has length 10.
The trigonometric ratios are;
Sin A = 0.78Cos A = 0.625Tan A = 1.25What are the trigonometric ratio?The trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine and tangent. Now we have the hypotenuse of the triangle. Figure 1 has been shown in the image attached to this answer.
c = √8^2 + 10^2
c = 12.8
sin A = 10/12.8 = 0.78
Cos A = 8/12.8 = 0.625
Tan A = 10/8 = 1.25
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. in a well-balanced ecosystem, squirrels eat nuts, raccoons feed on squirrels, and bears feed on raccoons. it was observed that there were more squirrels and fewer raccoons. this situation indicates that . the least amount of energy from the sun will be received by the .
humans,animals and living earth
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[tex] \\ \\ [/tex]
Respiratory and Circulatory System:
= > The respiratory system and the circulatory system are two important organ systems in the human body. The respiratory system involves all passageways and organs involved in breathing, while the circulatory system involves the heart and blood vessels.
Answer and Explanation: 1
= > The respiratory system and circulatory system interact in both the enriching of blood with oxygen and the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the tissues.
= > In the lungs, air fills small sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are made of thin sheets of squamous epithelial cells suffused with capillaries. The epithelial tissue allows oxygen from the inhaled air to pass into the blood of the capillaries while allowing waste gases, like carbon dioxide, to escape the blood and be exhaled from the body.
= > After leaving the lungs, the blood returns to the heart, where it is pumped back out to the rest of the body. The oxygen-rich blood travels through the blood vessels and eventually into capillaries that suffuse the tissues of the body. In the tissues, the oxygen from the blood is extracted and delivered to the cells to power their metabolic functions.
= > Both processes are vital to the survival of an organism because tissues would die without the delivery of oxygen that begins in the interaction of the respiratory system and circulatory system.
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The respiratory and circulatory systems interact in the supply of oxygen to the cells of the body.
Circulatory and respiratory system interactionThe respiratory system supplies oxygen into the blood. The circulatory system transport oxygenated blood to tissues/cells that require oxygen and supply them with the gas.
On the other hand, carbon dioxide waste that needs to leave the body system is transported by the blood from cells/tissues to the respiratory system. The respiratory system gets rid of this waste.
Without oxygen supply and getting rid of carbon dioxide, the cells of the body will die in no time.
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If Johns used cars has 612 cars and 49 trucks , what percentage of the vehicles on Johns lot are trucks ?
The answer is 7.4%.
Percentage of trucks on the lot is equal to the ratio between the number of trucks and the total number of cars.
Number of trucks ÷ Total number of cars49 ÷ (49 + 612)49 ÷ 6617.4%Answer:
8.007%
Explanation:
Given:
John has
⇒ 612 cars
⇒ 49 cars
To find: We have to find what percentage of 612 the number 49 is.
To calculate this, we must multiply 49 by 100 and then divide it by 612.
Here is the formula to further illustrate: (100 * X)/Y = Percent
After inserting (X = 49) and (Y = 612) into the formula above, you should have a result of ⇒ (100 * 49) / 612 = 8.007%
Therefore, 49 is 8.007 percent of 612.
- Thank you.
Select all that apply.
Cells function together to form tissues. The four main types of tissues in animals are _____.
epithelial
blood
connective
muscular
nervous
bone
Cells in animals function together to form tissues. The four main types of tissues in animals are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. The correct options are 1,3,4, and 5.
In animals, cells come together to form tissues, which are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals:
Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissue lines internal organs and is similar to the skin that covers the outside of the body. Connective tissue: It binds and stabilises the various bodily components. It consists of organs and tissues like cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.Muscular Tissue: Movement in the body is made possible by muscular tissue. Muscle tissues come in three different varieties: cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and skeletal muscles.Nervous Tissue: The body's ability to communicate depends on its nervous system. It is made up of neurons that send electrical impulses, enabling us to detect and react to our surroundings.Thus, the correct options are 1,3,4, and 5.
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Which stage of a thunderstorm is associated with the coexistence of updrafts and downdrafts?
a. mature stage
b. cumulus stage
c. dilating stage
d. dissipating stage
e. contracting stage
According to the research, the correct option is a. The mature stage of a thunderstorm is associated with the coexistence of updrafts and downdrafts.
What is a thunderstorm?It is characterized by the coexistence of two or more air masses of different temperatures, which causes instability in the environment that includes strong winds and precipitation.
These originate with the combination of a low pressure center with a high pressure center, resulting in the formation of clouds and the development of winds presenting three stages: cumulus, maturity and dissipation.
During the mature stage, the precipitating droplets create a downdraft and the mixing of the current of updrafts and downdrafts with the drier air of the lower troposphere produces strong evaporative cooling.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the mature stage of a thunderstorm is associated with the coexistence of updrafts and downdrafts.
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When individuals experience fear and pleasure, what part of the brain has been stimulated?
The limbic system of the brain gets stimulated when an individual experiences fear and pleasure.
The limbic system is a part of our brain which is responsible for the regulation of our emotional and behavioral responses, especially the ones we need for our survival. The structures of the limbic system are embedded deep in the brain. The two major structures of the limbic system include the hippocampus and the amygdala. The hippocampus helps us associate emotions and senses with different memories. The amygdala plays a pivotal role in managing our strong emotions like aggression, fear and pleasure. It also helps us in making new memories.
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1. state the characteristics of Chrysophytes.
2. write the characteristics of dinoflagellates.
3. write the characteristics of euglenoids.
4. write the characteristics of Slime moulds.
1. Chrysophytes
⇒ Unicellar
⇒ Present in water bodies with low calcium levels.
⇒ Golden yellow colour due to accessory pigment.
⇒ Cell walls made of cellulose and silica.
⇒ Free swimming.
⇒ Two unequal flagella.
2. Dinoflagellates
⇒ Dinoflagellates are essentially golden-brown, biflagellate, unicellular motile protists.
⇒ Golden brown is the primary color, but due to changes in the ratios of other pigments, it may also take on yellow, green, brown, or even blue forms.
⇒ Theca or lorica, composed of articulated and sculpted cellulose plates, is a stiff covering that typically covers cells.
⇒ One flagellum is transverse and the other is longitudinal, making the two flagella distinct (heterokont).
⇒ Mesokaryon is the name given to the big nucleus.
⇒ Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c are found in plastids or chromatophores.
⇒ In the sea, certain dinoflagellates like Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax proliferate in vast numbers, turning the water red and resulting in the so-called "red tide."
⇒ Dinoflagellates in the ocean exhibit bioluminescence. such as Noctiluca.
3. Euglenoids
⇒ Unicellular protists called euglenoids, like the genus Euglena, are frequently found in freshwater.
⇒ The pellicle, a protein-rich cell membrane, exists in place of the cell wall.
⇒ They bear two flagella on the anterior end of the body.
⇒ A small light sensitive eye spot is present.
⇒ They can prepare their own food because they have photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll. They act like heterotrophs when there is no light, though, by catching other tiny aquatic creatures.
⇒ They are referred regarded as the connecting link between plants and animals since they exhibit both plant and animal-like characteristics, making it difficult to categorize them.
4. Slime moulds
⇒ Chlorophyll does not exist in them.
⇒ Only the plasma membrane encloses them. The spores, however, contain cellulose cell walls.
⇒ They often reside near decomposing vegetation.
⇒ They have a diverse spectrum of coloring.
⇒ They are saprotrophic or phagotrophic feeders.