Comparing metalic and covalent bonds in terms of nature of the bond

There are 7.4 x 10²² molecules of methane in 0.123 mole of methane (ch4).

Methane is a substance that has the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is the simplest alkane, a group-14 hydride, and the primary component of natural gas. Methane is very abundant on Earth, making it an economically appealing fuel, but due to its gaseous nature at standard temperatures and pressure, its capture and storage present technical problems. Methane is a naturally occurring gas that can be found underground and beneath the bottom.

A mole is a measurement unit for numerous particles (atoms, molecules, and ions), where 1 mole equals the number of particles in a substance as the number of atoms in 12 grams of C-12.

1 mole [tex]= 6.02*10^{23}[/tex] particles  

Can be formulated :

N = [tex]n *[/tex] No

N = number of gas particles  

No = Avogadro number ([tex]6.02*10^{23}[/tex])  

n = number of moles  

Input the value :

N [tex]= 0.123 * 6.02*10x^{23}[/tex]

N [tex]= 7.4 * 10^{22}[/tex]

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1) Propanyl chloride is an acid chloride. This propanyl chloride on reaction with LiAlH4 and H3O+ yield corresponding alcohol. 2. Methyl propanoate on reaction with aniline yield corresponding amide. 3. Amide on hydrolysis yield carboxylic acid.

When methyl propanoate reacts with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), the carbonyl group of the ester is reduced by the hydride ion (H-) from LiAlH4 to form an alcohol. The final product of this reaction would be the alcohol derived from the acyl portion of methyl propanoate. When this alcohol is then treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or another acid, it will undergo a protonation, forming the corresponding alkyl carbinol. The final product of this reaction is the carbinol and the carboxylic acid derived from the acyl portion of methyl propanoate.The product of the reaction between methyl propanoate and LiAlH4 then H3O+ would be the following structure:

H3C-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3

| |

H H2O

The product of the reaction is the Carboxylic acid derived from the acyl portion of methyl propanoate.

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The termination of translation requires stop codon on the mRNA

When a stop codon accesses the A site of the ribosome, mRNA translation is terminated. In eukaryotes, this process is controlled by the release factors eRF1 and eRF3, which form a ternary eRF1/eRF3-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) complex.

For quick and effective cessation of translation in eukaryotes, GTP hydrolysis, which is mediated in the ribosome by a complex of two polypeptide release factors, eRF1 and eRF3, is necessary.

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the molecular weight of α-melanotropin - peptide = 2377.84 – 342.38 = 2035.46 daltons

The given protein contains 20 amino acids , hence this protein contains 19 peptide bonds . formation of peptide bond involves removal of one water molecule. So the molecular weight the given protein can be calculated by the following method. The  sum of the molecular weight of all 20 amino acids is 2377.84 daltons, this peptide contains 19 peptide bonds , which involves the removal of 19 water molecules , , so 19 X 18.02 = 342.38. So the molecular weight of peptide = 2377.84 – 342.38 = 2035.46 daltons. Molecular weight (MW) is a measure of the mass of a molecule. It is typically expressed in daltons (Da) or atomic mass units (amu). The molecular weight of a molecule is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule. The molecular weight of a molecule can be calculated using the molecular formula of the compound, which gives the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule.

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The complete question is :

calculate the molecular weight of α-melanotropin, using data in the table below.

A robust and pure protein called alpha keratin can find harm in your hair.

Alpha keratin is a strong and pure protein that can hunt out damage in your hair. Once the damage has been located, it bonds to it and fills in any weak areas to make repairs. You'll have gorgeous, unbelievably healthy hair once it repairs damaged hair.

Proteins in the body include collagen (KOL-uh-jin). Numerous biological parts, including the hair, skin, nails, bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, blood vessels, and intestines, contain different forms of collagen.

Silk fibres are made up of proteins called fibroins. Even though the precise structural features of the huge, complex proteins that make up the many varieties of silk vary, all fibroins have a few traits. additionally see fibrous proteins.

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If 75.0 g of water at 30.0°c absorbs 900 calories, the new temperature will be 42°C.

In thermodynamics, the specific heat of a substance (symbol cp) is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, sometimes called the mass heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat that must be added to a unit mass of a substance to cause a unit temperature rise. The SI unit for specific heat capacity is Joule/Kelvin/Kilogram, J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. For example, it takes 4184 Joules of heat to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K, so the specific heat capacity of water is 4184 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹.

Q = mcΔT

1 Kcal. = 4184 J

0.9 K Cal. = 4184 × 0.9

0.9 K Cal. = 3765.6 J

3765.6 = 75 × 4.186 × ΔT

ΔT = 3765.6/(75 × 4.186)

ΔT = 3765.6/313.95

ΔT = 11.99

T₂ - T₁ = 11.99

T₂ = 11.99 + T₁

T₂ = 11.99 + 30

T₂ = 41.99°C

T₂ ≈ 42°C

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The complete question is as follows:

if 75.0 g of water at 30.0°c absorbs 900 calories, the new temperature will be ________.

N-octane is a hydrocarbon with eight carbon atoms.

Equilibrium is a state of balance or stability between opposing forces or actions. It is a state in which there is no net change in a system and all forces are in balance. In economics, it is used to describe the situation in which supply and demand are equal, resulting in a stable market price and no tendency for it to change.

At 1 atm of pressure, the liquid and solid phases of n-octane are in equilibrium at a temperature of -164.8 °C (-258.6 °F). This is the melting point of n-octane, and is the temperature at which it transitions from solid to liquid. At temperatures below this, n-octane is in a solid state. At temperatures above this, n-octane is in a liquid state.

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(A) The value of the first-order rate constant for the decomposition of Cl2O2 is -0.00000000000058 microseconds^-1. (B) The half-life for the decomposition of Cl2O2 is 1201.694915254237 microseconds.

A) To determine the value of the first-order rate constant, we can use the following equation:

= -ln([Cl2O2]/[Cl2O2]o) = kt

Where [Cl2O2] and [Cl2O2]o are the concentrations of Cl2O2 at different times and k is the first-order rate constant.

By substituting the values from the table into the equation, we can solve for k:

= -ln(6.60x10^-8/6.60x10^-8) = k(17210^-6)

= k = -ln(6.60x10^-8/6.60x10^-8)/(17210^-6)

= k = -0.000000000000/0.000172

= k = -0.00000000000058

The value of the first-order rate constant for the decomposition of Cl2O2 is -0.00000000000058 microseconds^-1.

B) The half-life for a first-order reaction can be calculated using the following equation:

= t1/2 = (0.693/k)

Where t1/2 is the half-life and k is the first-order rate constant.

By substituting the value of k from above, we can calculate the half-life for the decomposition of Cl2O2:

= t1/2 = (0.693/-0.00000000000058)

= t1/2 = 1201.694915254237 microseconds

The half-life for the decomposition of Cl2O2 is 1201.694915254237 microseconds. It's worth to mention that the rate constant has a negative sign which indicates that the reaction is a decomposition reaction.

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Acids and alkalis have different chemical properties or reactions and even physical properties.

These properties are defined as those properties which become evident during or after a chemical reaction after the identity of the substance is changed during chemical reaction.

These properties cannot be determined externally just by viewing the substance ,these change immensely after a substance undergoes a chemical change.These are used for identification of unknown substances and for building up chemical classifications.

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287.13 grams of Al₂O₃ were decomposed. Therefore, option A is correct.

The term molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of the compound. A mole of any substance is 6.022 × 10²³ molecules. It is called as Avogadro's number. The molar mass is a bulk property, it is not molecular, property of a substance.

2Al₂O₃ ⇒ 4Al + 3O₂

Thus, 4 mol of Al combine with 3 mol of oxygen to form 2 mol of Al₂O₃.

2 mol of Al corresponds to 2 × 27 = 54g

Thus, the weight of Al used in the reaction is 108 g.

Molar mass of Al₂O₃ is 101.96g/mol.

5.63 moles of Al = 5.63 × 54 / 101.96

= 287.13 grams

Thus, 287.13 grams of Al₂0₃ were decomposed, option A is correct.

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Because neutrons are not electrically charged, they may enter atomic nuclei more easily than protons or alpha particles. It is well known that the neutron has evolved into a powerful nuclear weapon.

A neutron is a subatomic particle that exists in the nucleus of all atoms except basic hydrogen. The name of the particle comes from the fact that it has no electrical charge; it is neutral. Neutrons have a very high density. Neutrons, like protons, are subatomic particles that exist within the nucleus of every atom. The lone exception is hydrogen, which has a single proton in its nucleus. Neutrons are somewhat heavier than positively charged protons and have a neutral electric charge (neither negative nor positive). The neutron, symbol n, is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge. Atomic nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons. These, together with protons, are referred to as nucleons and are found within the nucleus.

Here,

Because neutrons are not electrically charged, they may pass through atomic nuclei more easily than protons or alpha particles. It is well known that the neutron has evolved into a potent nuclear weapon.

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Answer:

Decreasing the temperature will decrease the rate of a reaction.

Explanation:

The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

Occur between atoms of similar electronegativity with lower energy state and higher stability involve the sharing of electrons.

A covalent bond is established when one or more pairs of electrons are exchanged between two atoms. These electrons are simultaneously pulled to the two atomic nuclei. When the difference in electronegativities between two atoms is too tiny for an electron transfer to take place and produce ions, a covalent bond is created. Ionic bonds are more likely to form when the electronegativity of the components differs significantly. Normally, atoms with similar electronegativity elements join together to create covalent bonds. When two atoms with the identical electronegativity come together, they form pure covalent bonds. The polarity of the covalent bond is due to minute variations in the electronegativity of the atoms. Ionic bonds form when two or more atoms have different electronegativity values on the Pauling scale. A full electron shell is created when atoms make covalent bonds, which increases stability. Atoms can fill out their outer electron shell and achieve stability by sharing their outermost (valence) electrons.

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The bubble thickness just as the last vestige of color vanishes and (b) the last color seen is 75.02nm

A pattern of conflict (plural interference patterns) The phase difference between two waves is depicted as a series of light and dark bands that vary in space. Thomas Young demonstrated how the interaction of two sources of light in the same medium results in an interference pattern.

In an interference pattern formed due to a thin film, the bright bands occur when constructive interference takes place. Constructive interference in a thin film is calculated as follows:

2nd = (m + 1/2)λ

d = (m + 1/2)λ/2n = (0+1/2)400nm/2(1.333)

d = 75.02nm

Here n is the refractive index of medium, 2 is the wavelength, m is the order, and d is the thickness of the film.

The wavelength of the light is considered 400 nm because the last color that appears is violet.

Therefore, the thickness of the film is 75.02 nm.

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Answer:

Explanation:

ΔT = imK

0.93 = (2)(m)(1.86)

Solve for m (molality) and use it in ΔT = imK where i = 2 and K = 0.512 and find ΔT. Add that value to 100C to find boiling point

If the plants in a biome grow very tall, then statement b The biome receives abundant sunlight most likely describes the abiotic factors in the biome.

An abiotic factor in a biome or ecosystem can be defined as any nonliving variable that helps to shape the features of the are under study, which include for example, temperature, sunlight, water availability for the species living in the area, etc.

An abiotic factor in a biome or ecosystem is characterized to be the counterpart of the biotic living factors in order to shape the homeostasis of the ecosystem.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that an abiotic factor in a biome is any nonliving factor that helps to form the features of a particular ecosystem such as sunlight in the case of areas with high biodiversity.

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The equipment you might use to prevent energy being lost during the heating of the ice/water is : calorimeter.

A calorimeter is an object used for the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes and also heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are the most common types.

Device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process is called  calorimeter. For example, when exothermic reaction occurs in a solution in calorimeter, heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by solution, that results in increase in temperature.

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A thermodynamic system's change in disorder or randomness is measured by a phenomena called entropy change.

The amount of thermal energy per unit of temperature in a system that cannot be used to carry out beneficial work is known as entropy. Since work is produced by ordered molecular motion, entropy also serves as a proxy for a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability.

Entropy Change is a phenomena that measures the evolution of randomness or disorder in a thermodynamic system. It has to do with the heat or enthalpy conversion that occurs during work. More randomness indicates a high entropy in a thermodynamic system.

The entropy grows from solid to liquid to gas, and by observing the phases of the reactants and products, you can determine if the change in entropy is positive or negative. Entropy will rise whenever there is a rise in gas moles.

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Answer: I need to know what the molecule is probably A or C

Explanation:

A chemical test for starch is to add iodine solution (red) and see if it turns blue/black in colour.

To identify the presence of complex carbohydrates, use an iodine solution. As the yellow-orange iodine reacts with the starch, it will turn blue-black. (The presence of simple carbohydrates or sugars will not cause the iodine solution to react.)

Credit: Carbohydrate Chemistry Slide #13 by Dr. Karin Allen. As a result, the benchtop iodine colour is brown. The amylose-iodide complex is blue-black, but the polyiodides (I3, I5, and I7) are colourless. Since the Iodine starch reaction is recognisable, it is used to determine the presence of starch in a sample.

The iodine test is an identification test for starch based on a chemical reaction. Iodine and starch in this experiment combine to generate a distinct blue-black coloured compound. The charge transfer (CT) complex between iodine and the helical structure of amylose occurs when the iodine is inside the spiral or helical helix.

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Below are the Lewis dot structure for diatomic molecule Cl2 S2 N2.

Lewis structures are diagrams that show the valence electrons of atoms within a molecule.

They are often referred to as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures.

The valence electrons of atoms and molecules, whether they reside as lone pairs or within bonds, can be seen using these Lewis symbols and structures.

1) Identify the atoms that are linked to one another.

2) Count the valence electrons the molecule contains.

3) Substitute two electrons for each bond between the two atoms.

4) To complete the octet of the nearby atoms, add the remaining valence electrons that are available.

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Hexokinase is the initial enzyme of glycolysis, catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose by ATP to glucose-6-P. It is one of the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis.

Through facilitated diffusion, which is facilitated by the glucose transporter (GLUT) protein family and permits monosaccharides to pass the cell membrane predominantly as a result of concentration gradients, glucose and other monosaccharides enter the cell.

2,3,6 Hexokinase enzymes phosphorylate the molecules as they enter the cell, thereby trapping the monosaccharide inside the cell because phosphorylated monosaccharides cannot pass through the GLUT. 2,3,6.

Glucokinase is an isoform of hexokinase that differs from hexokinase in two ways: first, unlike hexokinase, it is not inhibited by the reaction product, glucose-6-phosphate; and second, it has a lower binding affinity for glucose than the other hexokinase enzymes. 2,3,6 Because of these two variations, glucokinase can function as a sensor of fuel supply because it only changes in reaction to the availability of glucose.

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the above statement is true which defines the hybridization as The process of blending atomic orbitals as atomic nuclei approach each other to form a bond

The process of blending atomic orbitals as atomic nuclei approach each other to form a bond is known as hybridization. In this process, atomic orbitals of similar energy combine to form new hybrid orbitals that are more stable and have specific geometric shapes. This enables the atoms to form chemical bonds with other atoms in a specific way, which helps to account for the observed molecular geometry of many compounds. The type of hybridization that occurs depends on the number of atoms and electrons involved in the bonding process.

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What happens to the energy produced by blocks of Earth's crust slipping past each other is it radiates outward in all directions. (Option C).

When blocks of the Earth's crust slip past each other during an earthquake, the energy that is released does not disappear, spread out randomly, or increase as it reaches the surface.

Instead, the energy radiates outward in the form of seismic waves. These seismic waves travel through the Earth in all directions from the point of the earthquake's origin causing the ground to shake.

The energy carried by these waves is what is felt as the shaking during an earthquake and can be detected and measured by seismometers.

Thus, what happens to the energy produced by blocks of Earth's crust slipping past each other is it radiates outward in all directions.

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The species below would you expect to show the least hydrogen bonding is CH4 option -d is correct answer.

A hydrogen atom that is sandwiched between two other atoms and has a high affinity for electrons interacts with them to form a bond that is stronger than Vander Waals forces but weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.

The most electronegative atoms, namely Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine, are absent from this compound. The result is that the methane molecule has the least hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding exist in the case in which electronegative atom like fluorine ,oxygen, nitrogen are directly attached with hydrogen.

This is possible in case of only ammonia , water and HCl.

therefore, methane will be having no hydrogen bonding at all.

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a. They require much less food.

of the following is an advantage that ectotherms have over endotherms of the same size

Another crucial fact is that endotherms often have far greater metabolic rates than ectotherms. This is due to the fact that they must consume a lot of fuel (food) to keep their internal body temperature stable.

The same amount of food can support a bigger population of similarly sized ectotherms than endotherms because endotherms use more energy than ectotherms.

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Reagents for conversion of 1-butanol to the following substances includes c). Dess-Martin periodinane in CH₂Cl₂, j). H₂/Ni, i-PrNH₂, f). SOCl₃, A). NaN₃.

Reagents are substances or compounds that are added to a system to initiate a chemical reaction or to determine whether a reaction is taking place or not. They are used in the study of chemicals. The detection of the presence of another substance is confirmed by a similar response.

Reagent names include Grignard, Tollens, Fehling, Millon, Collins, and Fenton. However, the word reagent does not appear in the names of all reagents. Solvents, enzymes, and catalysts can also be considered reagents. Reagents may also have their limits.

chemical reaction is attached below

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Answer:

See below

Explanation:

An exclusion clause by the scientists might prevent a company or institution from using a solution discovered by these scientists.

Exclusion clauses can be defined as mutual agreements that exclude the use of the info for certain contentious types of research, which may hamper the use by the company of certain discoveries from these researchers beyond the scope of the work they have done.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that an exclusion clause in science may hamper the use of discoveries for a given company.

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No, ethanol is not a better solvent for the following reaction. because  ethanol  is more acidic then  alkyne.  so  NH2- abstracts proton from ethanol insted of alkyne. so  expected reaction will not proceed if we use ethanol. CH3CH2OH  +   NH2-    ----------->  CH3CH2O-   +  NH3

Ethanol is a polar solvent, which means that it has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end. This polarity allows ethanol to dissolve polar compounds, such as acids and bases, which are commonly involved in proton transfer reactions. Ethanol also has a relatively low boiling point and is relatively less toxic than other solvents, making it a convenient choice for many laboratory procedures.

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The complete question is:

would ethanol (ch3ch2oh) be a suitable solvent in which to perform the following proton transfer?

CH3CH2OH  +   NH2-    ----------->  CH3CH2O-   +  NH3