B2B (business-to-business), a type of digital commerce (e-commerce), is the alternate of products, choices or records between businesses,
alternatively than between corporations and customers (B2C). A B2B transaction is carried out between two companies, such as wholesalers and online retailers.
What is B2B e-commerce with example?B2B ecommerce entails transactions between a manufacturer and wholesaler, or a wholesaler and a retailer, via an on-line income portal. B2B ecommerce is one of the fastest-growing income models. Some estimates charge the world B2B ecommerce market at over $12 trillion, taking up 13% of total B2B sales in the US.
To aid you get a higher idea of the extraordinary sorts of agency clients in B2B markets, we have put them into 4 critical categories: producers, resellers, governments, and institutions.
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https://brainly.com/question/17408077#SPJ4incumbents typically have a cost advantage as compared to new entrants because:
Incumbents often have a cost advantage compared to new entrants due to various reasons.
Firstly, they may have a well-established brand reputation and customer loyalty, which can be difficult for new entrants to replicate.
Secondly, incumbents may have economies of scale, which can help them to lower their production costs and increase efficiency. They may also have better access to distribution channels and suppliers, which can help to reduce their costs further.
Thirdly, incumbents may have built up valuable knowledge and experience about the industry and their customers over time, allowing them to make better decisions and respond more quickly to changes in the market. This knowledge and experience can be difficult for new entrants to acquire, especially if they lack resources or face high entry barriers.
Finally, incumbents may have established relationships with regulatory bodies, making it harder for new entrants to enter the market due to regulatory hurdles or other barriers to entry. All of these factors can contribute to the cost advantage of incumbents over new entrants.
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Which of the following strategies can be very attractive when a firm's suppliers or buyers have too much power over the firm and are becoming increasingly profitable at the firm's expense?
a. Unrelated diversification
b. Vertical integration
c. Forward horizontal integration
d. Market penetration
e. Backward horizontal integration
B. Vertical integration, vertical integration is an attractive strategy when a firm's suppliers or buyers have too much power and are becoming increasingly profitable at the firm's expense.
By integrating vertically, the firm can take control over its supply chain or distribution channels, reducing the influence of powerful suppliers or buyers and potentially increasing its own profitability. This strategy can help the firm regain control and reduce dependence on external parties.
By vertically integrating, a firm can bring its suppliers or buyers under its ownership or control, which allows it to exert more influence and reduce the power imbalance. For example, if a firm's suppliers are charging high prices or providing low-quality inputs, the firm can vertically integrate by acquiring or establishing its own suppliers to ensure a more reliable and cost-effective supply.
Step by step explanation :
The other options listed are not specifically focused on addressing supplier or buyer power:
a. Unrelated diversification: Involves entering unrelated industries or markets to spread risk and pursue growth opportunities but may not directly address supplier or buyer power.
c. Forward horizontal integration: Involves acquiring or merging with competitors or companies in the same industry but in the downstream direction, which may not directly address supplier or buyer power.
d. Market penetration: Focuses on increasing market share or sales within existing markets, but it may not directly address the issue of supplier or buyer power.
e. Backward horizontal integration: Involves acquiring or merging with competitors or companies in the same industry but in the upstream direction, which may not directly address supplier or buyer power.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. Vertical integration.
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in the current year, ming invests $46,850 in an oil partnership. he has taxable income for the current year of $4,685 from the oil partnership and withdraws $18,740.
In the current year, Ming invested $46,850 in an oil partnership, which means he is a limited partner. As a limited partner, he is only liable for the amount of his investment and not responsible for any debts or obligations of the partnership.
Ming's taxable income for the current year from the oil partnership is $4,685, which means he is receiving a share of the partnership's profits. Since he withdrew $18,740 from the partnership, he may have received a distribution of profits or a return of his investment. It is important to note that the tax treatment of partnership income and withdrawals can be complex and should be carefully considered with the assistance of a tax professional. Overall, investing in a partnership can provide opportunities for income and growth, but it is important to thoroughly research and understand the terms and risks of the partnership before investing.
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the use of harvest techniques to estimate npp would be most problematic in _______ because _______.
The use of harvest techniques to estimate net primary productivity (NPP) would be most problematic in tropical rainforests because of their complex and diverse ecosystem structure.
Harvest techniques involve physically removing biomass from an area to measure the total productivity, but in the case of tropical rainforests, this approach poses significant challenges.
Tropical rainforests are characterized by intricate and interconnected vegetation systems, where numerous species coexist and interact. The sheer diversity of plant species, ranging from towering trees to understory plants, makes it extremely difficult to capture the entire productivity accurately. Harvesting a representative sample of biomass in such a complex ecosystem becomes a daunting task, and the results may not provide an accurate reflection of the overall NPP. Additionally, the process of removing biomass can disturb the delicate balance of the ecosystem, impacting nutrient cycling, plant interactions, and the overall functioning of the rainforest.
Furthermore, tropical rainforests exhibit a high turnover rate of plant material, with rapid growth and decomposition. Harvest techniques require frequent and repeated sampling over time to capture the dynamic nature of NPP accurately. However, conducting regular harvests in rainforest environments can be logistically challenging, time-consuming, and expensive. The dense vegetation, rugged terrain, and climatic conditions of tropical rainforests make it challenging to access and monitor the same locations consistently. This limitation hinders the accuracy and reliability of harvest-based estimates of NPP in these ecosystems.
In conclusion, the use of harvest techniques to estimate NPP is most problematic in tropical rainforests due to their complex and diverse structure, which makes it difficult to obtain representative biomass samples. Moreover, the high turnover of plant material and logistical challenges associated with conducting regular harvests hinder the accuracy and reliability of these estimates. Alternative methods, such as remote sensing and modeling approaches, may provide more suitable alternatives for estimating NPP in tropical rainforest ecosystems.
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cowgirl boots, inexpensive leather boots for women, are selling at record-high numbers. the ceo of the company, however, cannot figure out why. was it caused by the company's recent advertisement campaign or the newly reduced price of the boots or some other unknown factor? based on this information, what concept describes the ceo's confusion regarding cowgirl boots' recent success? multiple choice question. causal ambiguity social complexity time compression diseconomies path dependence
The concept that describes the CEO's confusion regarding the recent success of cowgirl boots is causal ambiguity.
The CEO is unable to determine the exact cause of the increased sales of the boots, whether it is due to the company's advertising campaign, the reduced price of the boots, or some other unknown factor. The causal ambiguity arises from the fact that multiple factors could be contributing to the increased sales, and it is difficult to determine which one is having the most significant impact. The CEO's confusion highlights the importance of understanding causality and the potential impact of various factors on business outcomes.
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choose the three factors that encourage a firm to make a product in-house.
The three factors that encourage a firm to make a product in-house are cost savings, control over quality and production, and protection of proprietary knowledge.
There are several factors that can motivate a firm to make a product in-house rather than outsourcing it to external suppliers. Firstly, cost savings play a significant role. By producing a product in-house, a firm can avoid paying markups and overhead costs associated with outsourcing, resulting in lower production costs and potentially higher profit margins.
Secondly, maintaining control over quality and production is another important factor. By producing in-house, a firm can have direct oversight and ensure that quality standards are met, leading to greater customer satisfaction.
Lastly, protecting proprietary knowledge is a crucial consideration. Keeping production in-house helps safeguard trade secrets, intellectual property, and technological know-how, which can provide a competitive advantage in the market.
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Using the theory of Supply and Demand, which of the following would we predict:
A) We observe prices increasing after we observe some change that might create a shortage.
B) We observe prices increasing after we observe some change that might create a surplus.
C) We observe prices decreasing after we observe some change that might create a shortage.
D) We observe a shortage after we observe some change that creates a price increase.
D) We observe a shortage after we observe some change that creates a price increase.
According to the theory of supply and demand, when there is an increase in demand or a decrease in supply, it leads to a shortage in the market. As a result, prices tend to increase. This is because the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at the prevailing price, creating an imbalance.
Suppliers may respond to the price increase by adjusting their production levels or increasing prices further to maximize profits. The shortage indicates that the market is not in equilibrium, and the higher prices serve as a signal to allocate the limited supply among competing buyers. Therefore, option D is the prediction that aligns with the theory of supply and demand.
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10 points) what would happen to the demand for lamb if the price of lamb went up by $2 per lbs (at 1995 prices). please use concepts of elasticity to explain.
Elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a product to changes in its price. If the demand for lamb is elastic, it means that a small change in price will lead to a proportionately larger change in the quantity demanded.
On the other hand, if the demand for lamb is inelastic, it means that a change in price will lead to a relatively smaller change in the quantity demanded. Assuming that the demand for lamb is elastic, an increase in price by $2 per pound may lead to a significant decrease in the quantity demanded. This is because consumers may find the alternative meat products to be relatively cheaper and therefore switch to them. However, if the demand for lamb is inelastic, the decrease in quantity demanded may be relatively smaller.
This is because consumers may continue to purchase lamb despite the increase in price, as there may not be suitable alternatives available or they may be willing to pay the higher price for the unique taste and quality of lamb.
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the keller, long, and mason partnership had the following balance sheet just before entering liquidation: cash $ 115,000 liabilities $ 45,000 noncash assets 230,000 keller, capital 100,000 long, capital 70,000 mason, capital 130,000 total $ 345,000 total $ 345,000 keller, long, and mason share profits and losses in a ratio of 2:4:4. assuming noncash assets were sold for $70,000 and liquidation expenses in the amount of $18,500 were incurred, how much will each partner receive in the liquidation? keller long mason a) $ 14,000 $ 28,000 $ 28,000 b) $ 37,000 $ 74,000 $ 74,000 c) $ 63,833 $ 0 $ 57,667 d) $ 0 $ 0 $ 121,500 e) $ 57,833 $ 12,000 $ 51,667
Thus, the closest answer choice is E after Liquidation, with Keller receiving $57,833, Long receiving $12,000, and Mason receiving $51,667. However, it is important to note that these amounts differ slightly from the calculated values.
To calculate each partner's share in the liquidation, we need to follow the following steps:
1. Calculate the total assets by adding cash and the non-cash assets sold:
Total assets = cash + non-cash assets sold = $115,000 + $70,000 = $185,000
2. Calculate the total liabilities and liquidation expenses:
Total liabilities and expenses = liabilities + liquidation expenses = $45,000 + $18,500 = $63,500
3. Calculate the remaining assets after paying off liabilities and expenses:
Remaining assets = total assets - total liabilities and expenses = $185,000 - $63,500 = $121,500
4. Calculate the total capital by adding each partner's capital:
Total capital = keller's capital + long's capital + mason's capital = $100,000 + $70,000 + $130,000 = $300,000
5. Calculate each partner's share in the remaining assets:
- Keller's share = (2/10) x $121,500 = $24,300
- Long's share = (4/10) x $121,500 = $48,600
- Mason's share = (4/10) x $121,500 = $48,600
6. Add each partner's share in the remaining assets to their share in the non-cash assets sold:
- Keller's total share = $24,300 + $0 = $24,300
- Long's total share = $48,600 + $12,000 = $60,600
- Mason's total share = $48,600 + $51,667 = $100,267
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Under a floating exchange-rate system, if American exports increase and American imports fall, the value of the dollar will:
a. Appreciate
b. Depreciate
c. Be officially revalued
d. Be officially devalued
Under a floating exchange-rate system, if American exports increase and American imports fall, the value of the dollar will a. Appreciate
When a country's exports increase, it implies a higher demand for its goods and services from other countries. As a result, there is an increased demand for the country's currency (in this case, the U.S. dollar) to facilitate those trade transactions. This increased demand for the dollar leads to an appreciation in its value relative to other currencies.
Similarly, when a country's imports fall, it means that there is a decreased demand for foreign goods and services, resulting in a reduced demand for foreign currencies. With less demand for foreign currencies, the value of the domestic currency (in this case, the U.S. dollar) strengthens further, leading to its appreciation.
Therefore, if American exports increase and American imports fall, it is likely that the value of the dollar will appreciate in the foreign exchange market.
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Builtrite had sales of $900,000 and COGS of $280,000. In addition, operating expenses were calculated at 25% of sales. Builtrite also received dividends of $50,000 and paid out common stock dividends of $25,000 to its stockholders. A long-term capital gain of $70,000 was realized during the year along with a capital loss of $50,000.
Required:
a. What is Builtrite’s taxable income?
b. Based on their taxable income, what is Builtrite’s tax liability?
c. If we add to our problem that Builtrite also had $30,000 in interest expense, how much would this interest expense cost Builtrite after taxes?
d. Last year Builtrite had retained earnings of $140,000. This year, Builtrite had true net profits after taxes of $75,000 which includes common stock dividends received of $10,000. Builtrite also paid a preferred dividend of $35,000. What is Builtrite’s new level of retained earnings?
Answer:
Given the financial data presented, Builtrite's taxable income can be determined as follows:
Net Sales = $900,000
Cost of Goods Sold = $280,000
Gross Profit = $620,000
Operating Expenses = 25% of Net Sales = $225,000
Operating Income = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses = $395,000
Adding Builtrite's dividend income of $50,000 and deducting common stock dividends of $25,000 results in total non-operating income of $25,000. When this amount is added to Builtrite's operating income of $395,000, it yields a taxable income of $420,000.
To determine Builtrite's tax liability based on this taxable income, we would need to know the applicable tax rate. Assuming a federal tax rate of 21% and state tax rate of 5%, Builtrite's total tax liability would be $98,700.
If we further assume that Builtrite had $30,000 in interest expense, we can calculate the after-tax cost of this expense. Since interest expense is tax-deductible, the amount of taxable income is reduced to $390,000 ($420,000 - $30,000). Using the same tax rates as before, the total tax liability on $390,000 of taxable income is $91,350. Thus, the after-tax cost of $30,000 of interest expense would be $30,000 - $91,350 = -$61,350 (negative value indicates a tax benefit).
Finally, we can calculate Builtrite's new level of retained earnings using the following formula:
Retained Earnings = Beginning Retained Earnings + Net Income - Dividends
Substituting the given values yields:
Retained Earnings = $140,000 + $75,000 - $10,000 - $35,000 = $170,000
Therefore, Builtrite's new level of retained earnings is $170,000.
Open systems are less sensitive to environmental resources and possibilities, and closed systems are more responsive and adaptive to environmental changes.
Group of answer choices
True False
Open systems are less sensitive to environmental resources and possibilities, and closed systems are more responsive and adaptive to environmental changes False
The statement is incorrect. In reality, open systems are more sensitive and responsive to environmental resources and possibilities, while closed systems are less adaptable to environmental changes.
Open systems are characterized by interactions with their environment, where they exchange inputs and outputs with the surrounding environment. These systems are more flexible and responsive to changes in the external environment. They can take in new information, resources, and feedback from the environment, allowing them to adapt and adjust their operations accordingly. Open systems have the ability to respond and evolve based on the changing environmental conditions.
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carl and carly are american residents. carl buys stock of a corporation in austria. carly opens a coffee shop in austria. whose purchase, by itself, decreases austria’s net capital outflow?
Carl's purchase of stock in a corporation in Austria decreases Austria's net capital outflow. This is because Carl's purchase represents a capital inflow into Austria, which offsets any capital outflow from Carly's opening of a coffee shop.
Net capital outflow refers to the difference between a country's domestic savings and its domestic investment. When a resident of a country invests in a foreign company, it represents a capital inflow into the foreign country, which decreases its net capital outflow.
In this scenario, Carl's purchase of stock in an Austrian corporation represents a capital inflow into Austria, which decreases its net capital outflow. Carly's opening of a coffee shop, on the other hand, does not directly impact Austria's net capital outflow since it does not involve any foreign investment.
However, it is worth noting that Carly's coffee shop could potentially attract foreign investment if it is successful and expands in the future. In that case, it could also contribute to decreasing Austria's net capital outflow.
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if a sewage utility is permitted to cover its fixed and variable costs and to make a normal level of profit it is commonly referred to as
When a sewage utility is allowed to cover its fixed and variable costs while earning a reasonable profit, it is known as cost-of-service regulation.
Cost-of-service regulation is a regulatory framework that ensures utilities, such as sewage utilities, can recover their expenses and earn a fair rate of return. Under this approach, the utility's fixed costs (e.g., infrastructure, maintenance) and variable costs (e.g., operation, labor) are taken into account. By allowing the utility to cover these costs, regulators aim to maintain the financial viability of the utility and ensure reliable service provision.
Additionally, a "normal level of profit" implies that the utility can earn a return on its invested capital that is in line with industry standards, providing an incentive for investment and innovation in the sector.
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two years ago, you invested $2,800. today, it is worth $3,600. what rate of interest did you earn?
Two years ago, you invested $2,800. today, it is worth $3,600. The rate of interest earned on the investment was 14.3%
To calculate the rate of interest earned, we can use the formula:
Interest = Principal x Rate x Time
Where the principal is $2,800, the time is 2 years, and the interest earned is $3,600 - $2,800 = $800.
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
$800 = $2,800 x Rate x 2
Solving for the rate, we get:
Rate = $800 / ($2,800 x 2) = 0.143 = 14.3%
Therefore, the rate of interest earned on the investment was 14.3%.
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salesperson ellen shows many different properties to her clients over the course of several weeks. in the end, these clients decide to stay where they are and to quit looking for a home. they give ellen $500 as compensation for all of her hard work. ellen deposits the money into her personal checking account. such action is: select one: a. illegal, unless properly disclosed b. legal, if ellen performed as agreed c. illegal, because ellen can only accept money from her broker d. legal, if ellen maintains a record of the transaction
As a salesperson, Ellen is required to work under the supervision of a licensed broker and is not authorized to accept compensation directly from clients.
Even if the clients voluntarily gave her $500 as a token of appreciation, Ellen should not deposit the money into her personal checking account. Instead, she should report the payment to her broker and follow the brokerage's policies and procedures for handling client compensation.
By failing to disclose the payment and depositing it into her personal account, Ellen is engaging in unprofessional and unethical conduct that could jeopardize her license and reputation.
It is crucial for salespeople to maintain accurate records and follow all relevant laws and regulations to protect themselves and their clients. In summary, Ellen's actions are illegal unless she properly discloses the payment to her broker and follows all applicable laws and regulations.
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ABC company issues 10-year, $200,000 bonds on January 1, 20x1. The stated rate is 10%, interest is payable semi-annually on 6/30 and 12/31. The effective rate is 12%. Calculate the amount of cash received for the bonds.
Present value of 1 for 20 periods at 5% .......... .377
Present value of 1 for 20 periods at 6% .......... .312
Present value of annuity for 20 periods at 5% .... 12.462
Present value of annuity for 20 periods at 6% .... 11.470
The amount of cash received for the bonds is $200,040.
Calculate cash received for bonds?To calculate the amount of cash received for the bonds, we need to determine the present value of the bond's cash flows.
The bond pays interest semi-annually, so there will be 20 periods (10 years * 2 periods per year). The stated rate is 10%, but the effective rate is 12%. We'll use the effective rate to calculate the present value.
To calculate the present value of the bond, we'll break it down into two components: the present value of the principal (the face value of the bond) and the present value of the interest payments.
Present Value of Principal:The principal amount is $200,000, and it will be received at the end of 10 years. The present value factor for 20 periods at 6% is given as 0.312. Therefore, the present value of the principal is:
Present Value of Principal = $200,000 * 0.312 = $62,400
Present Value of Interest Payments:The bond pays interest semi-annually, so there will be 20 periods of interest payments. The interest rate is 12%, which means each period will have an interest rate of 6% (12% divided by 2). The present value of the annuity for 20 periods at 6% is given as 11.470.
To calculate the interest payments, we'll use the formula:
Interest Payment = Principal * Interest Rate
For each period, the interest payment will be:
Interest Payment = $200,000 * 6% = $12,000
To calculate the present value of the interest payments, we'll multiply the interest payment by the present value factor:
Present Value of Interest Payments = $12,000 * 11.470 = $137,640
Finally, to calculate the amount of cash received for the bonds, we'll sum the present value of the principal and the present value of the interest payments:
Cash Received for Bonds = Present Value of Principal + Present Value of Interest Payments
Cash Received for Bonds = $62,400 + $137,640 = $200,040
Therefore, the amount of cash received for the bonds is $200,040.
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2. a country recently had a trade deficit of $2.5 trillion and purchased $3 trillion of foreign assets. how many of its assets did foreigners purchase?
If a country has a trade deficit of $2.5 trillion, it means that its imports exceed its exports by that amount.
This means that it is spending more money on foreign goods and services than it is earning from selling its own goods and services to other countries.
In this case, the country also purchased $3 trillion of foreign assets. This means that it is investing in other countries, buying things like stocks, bonds, and real estate.
To figure out how many of its assets foreigners purchased, we need to subtract the country's purchases of foreign assets from the trade deficit.
$2.5 trillion (trade deficit) - $3 trillion (purchases of foreign assets) = -$0.5 trillion
This negative result means that foreigners purchased $500 billion of the country's assets. This is because the country had to borrow money from other countries in order to finance its trade deficit and its purchases of foreign assets.
In summary, when a country has a trade deficit and purchases foreign assets, it means that it is relying on foreign investment to make up for its deficit. In this case, foreigners purchased $500 billion of the country's assets to finance its deficit and investment activities.
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If a country had a trade deficit of $2.5 trillion, it means that its imports exceeded its exports by that amount. Therefore, it paid $2.5 trillion more to foreign countries than it received from them in terms of goods and services.
On the other hand, if the country purchased $3 trillion of foreign assets, it means that it invested $3 trillion in buying assets such as stocks, bonds, or real estate in other countries. In order to calculate how many of its assets foreigners purchased, we need to subtract the country's foreign purchases from its trade deficit: Foreigners' purchase of the country's assets = Trade deficit - Foreign purchasesForeigners' purchase of the country's assets = $2.5 trillion - $3 trillionForeigners' purchase of the country's assets = -$0.5 trillion or -$500 billionThe negative sign indicates that foreigners purchased more of the country's assets than the country purchased of foreign assets. This could indicate that the country is heavily indebted to foreign investors, or that its domestic investors are not investing as much in the country's economy as foreign investors are.
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By relying on objective information to build support for an initiative, a manager ___Multiple Choice a. causes others to believe that what the manager is proposing is the appropriate or rational thing to do. b. can develop mutually beneficial relationships with people both inside and outside the organization. c. ensures that everyone who supports the proposal benefits personally. d. generates knowledge in all aspects of the organization. e. can ensure everyone's personal interests are considered.
By relying on objective information to build support for an initiative, a manager can cause others to believe that what the manager is proposing is the appropriate or rational thing to do. This is because objective information is based on facts, evidence, and logical reasoning, rather than personal opinions or biases.
When a manager uses objective information to support their proposal, they demonstrate that they have thoroughly researched and analyzed the issue, and that their proposal is grounded in reality rather than speculation. This can help to build trust and credibility with stakeholders, who are more likely to support the proposal if they believe that it is well-reasoned and backed up by evidence.
Additionally, by presenting objective information, a manager can address potential objections or concerns that stakeholders may have, and develop mutually beneficial relationships with people both inside and outside the organization. This can help to ensure that the proposal is successful and sustainable over the long-term.
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given the following information, calculate the stockholder’s return: beginning price: $45 ending price: $50 dividends paid: $3
John currently owns Stock X and wants to diversify his portfolio to reduce his exposure to unsystematic risk. Given the correlation of Stock X with the following stocks, which stock should he own along with Stock X?
Stock A: Correlation=1.0
Stock B: Correlation=0.2
Stock C: Correlation=0.1
Stock D: Correlation= 0.3
Stock E: Correlation= 0.7
The answer is , cannot say anything about the relationship between the stock prices of Stock D and Stock E with that variable.
How to find?To calculate the stockholder's return, we need to use the formula: ((Ending Price - Beginning Price + Dividends Paid) / Beginning Price) * 100.
Using the given information, we get:
Stockholder's return for the stock: ((50 - 45 + 3) / 45) * 100 = 17.78%
Now, the correlation coefficients given for Stock D and Stock E are 0.3 and 0.7 respectively.
Correlation coefficients indicate the strength of the relationship between two variables, in this case, the stock prices of Stock D and Stock E with some other variable.
A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, 0 indicates no correlation, and -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation.
In this case, we are not given the other variable with which the correlation coefficients are calculated.
Hence, we cannot say anything about the relationship between the stock prices of Stock D and Stock E with that variable.
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when should a manager most likely use negotiation as a technique for reducing resistance to organizational change?
A manager is most likely to use negotiation as a technique for reducing resistance to organizational change when the level of resistance is moderate and there is a possibility for finding a mutually agreeable solution through open dialogue and compromise.
Negotiation can be an effective strategy for addressing resistance to organizational change, particularly when the resistance is not extreme and there is potential for finding common ground.
In situations where employees or stakeholders are hesitant or opposed to a proposed change, negotiation allows the manager to engage in a constructive dialogue to understand their concerns, interests, and perspectives.
By actively involving the resistant parties in the decision-making process and seeking their input, a manager can work towards finding a solution that addresses their concerns while still aligning with the overall organizational objectives.
Negotiation promotes collaboration, empathy, and the exploration of alternative options, which can help build consensus and reduce resistance to change.
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Technological improvements that reduce the cost of manufacturing personal computers combined with a decrease in the demand for personal computers results in: a. an increase in equilibrium quantity and a decrease in equilibrium price. b. a decrease in both equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price. c. either a. or b. could be correct d. none of the above
The answer to this question is c. either a. or b. could be correct. When there are technological improvements that reduce the cost of manufacturing personal computers, it becomes cheaper to produce each unit of the product.
This often leads to an increase in supply of personal computers as producers can afford to sell them at lower prices and still make a profit. However, if there is a decrease in demand for personal computers, consumers will buy fewer computers at any given price.
If the decrease in demand is larger than the increase in supply, then the equilibrium quantity and price will both decrease. This would lead to answer b. If the decrease in demand is smaller than the increase in supply, then the equilibrium quantity will increase and the equilibrium price will decrease. This would lead to answer a.
Therefore, without knowing the specific magnitudes of the changes in supply and demand, it is impossible to determine whether answer a. or b. is correct. Hence, the correct answer is c. either a. or b. could be correct.
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CVP analysis using activity-based costs will tend to shift some costs from fixed to variable classifications, resulting in: Lower breakeven sales Higher breakeven sales. Higher or lower breakeven sales, depending on batch size. A higher contribution margin per unit. A lower contribution margin per unit
CVP analysis using activity-based costs will tend to shift some costs from fixed to variable classifications, resulting in higher breakeven sales. When using ABC for CVP analysis, some fixed costs may be reclassified as a variable. The correct option is B.
CVP analysis, or cost-volume-profit analysis, is a tool used by companies to understand the relationship between costs, revenue, and volume of goods sold. Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of assigning costs to products based on the activities required to produce them.
When using ABC for CVP analysis, some costs that were previously classified as fixed may be reclassified as variable, since ABC assigns costs based on the activities required to produce a product, which can vary based on the volume of production. This can result in a higher breakeven sales point for the company.
Therefore, the correct answer is B, higher breakeven sales. By shifting some costs from fixed to variable classifications, the company's total costs will increase, and as a result, the breakeven point, which is the point at which revenue equals total costs, will also increase.
In summary, when using ABC for CVP analysis, some fixed costs may be reclassified as variable, which can lead to a higher breakeven sales point for the company.
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Table: Lunch Price Quantity Demanded $10 0 9 10 8 20 7 30 6 40 5 50 4 60Use Table: Lunch. This table shows market demand for picnic lunches for people taking all-day rafting trips on the river. Joe has a firm providing this service, and his marginal cost and average cost for each lunch are a constant $4. If Joe is a monopolist, what price will he charge for a lunch in the long run?
A) $7
B) $3
C) $5
D) $9
The marginal revenue is positive only at a price of $7, which means that Joe should charge $7 per lunch in the long run to maximize his profit as a monopolist. Therefore, the correct answer is (A) $7.
If Joe is a monopolist, he will charge a price where his marginal cost is equal to the marginal revenue. The marginal revenue is the additional revenue generated by selling one additional unit of the product, which is not the same as the price. To find the marginal revenue, we need to calculate the change in total revenue divided by the change in quantity, which is not constant as the price decreases with an increase in quantity demanded.
To simplify the calculation, we can use the following formula:
Marginal Revenue = Price x (1 - 1/Elasticity)
Where Elasticity = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price)
Using the data in the table, we can calculate the elasticity between two price-quantity combinations:
Elasticity between P=$10 and P=$9: (10-0)/10 / (1-0)/10 = 1
Elasticity between P=$9 and P=$8: (20-10)/20 / (1-0)/9 = 0.9
Elasticity between P=$8 and P=$7: (30-20)/30 / (1-0)/8 = 0.86
Elasticity between P=$7 and P=$6: (40-30)/40 / (1-0)/7 = 0.88
Elasticity between P=$6 and P=$5: (50-40)/50 / (1-0)/6 = 1
Elasticity between P=$5 and P=$4: (60-50)/60 / (1-0)/5 = 1.2
Now we can calculate the marginal revenue for each price:
Marginal revenue at P=$10: $10 x (1 - 1/1) = $10 x 0 = $0
Marginal revenue at P=$9: $9 x (1 - 1/1) = $9 x 0 = $0
Marginal revenue at P=$8: $8 x (1 - 1/0.9) = $8 x 0.1 = $0.8
Marginal revenue at P=$7: $7 x (1 - 1/0.86) = $7 x 0.16 = $1.12
Marginal revenue at P=$6: $6 x (1 - 1/0.88) = $6 x 0.12 = $0.72
Marginal revenue at P=$5: $5 x (1 - 1/1) = $5 x 0 = $0
Marginal revenue at P=$4: $4 x (1 - 1/1.2) = $4 x 0.17 = $0.68
Therefore, the correct option is A).
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Blue Ridge Marketing Inc. manufactures two products, A and B. Presently, the company uses a single plantwide factory overhead rate for allocating overhead to products. However, management is considering moving to a multiple department rate system for allocating overhead. The following table presents information about estimated overhead and direct labor hours.
Overhead Direct
Labor Hours (dlh) Product
A B
Painting Dept. $467,874 13,900 dlh 15 dlh 5 dlh
Finishing Dept. 78,825 7,500 6 15 Totals $546,699 21,400 dlh 21 dlh 20 dlh
Determine the overhead from both production departments allocated to each unit of Product B if Blue Ridge Marketing Inc. uses a multiple department rate system.
a. $567.96 per unit
b. $33.66 per unit
c. $325.95 per unit
d. $10.51 per unit
To calculate the overhead cost for each unit of Product B using the multiple department rate system, we need to first determine the predetermined overhead rate for each department.Therefore, the answer is (a) $567.96 per unit.
For the Painting Department:
Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated overhead cost for the Painting Department / Estimated direct labor hours for the Painting Department
= $467,874 / 13,900 dlh
= $33.66 per direct labor hour
For the Finishing Department:
Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated overhead cost for the Finishing Department / Estimated direct labor hours for the Finishing Department
= $78,825 / 7,500 dlh
= $10.51 per direct labor hour
Next, we can allocate the overhead cost for each department to each unit of Product B based on the direct labor hours used by each product in each department.
For Product B in the Painting Department:
Overhead cost = Predetermined overhead rate for Painting Department * Direct labor hours used by Product B in Painting Department
= $33.66 per dlh * 15 dlh
= $504.90
For Product B in the Finishing Department:
Overhead cost = Predetermined overhead rate for Finishing Department * Direct labor hours used by Product B in Finishing Department
= $10.51 per dlh * 6 dlh
= $63.06
Therefore, the total overhead cost allocated to each unit of Product B is:
Total overhead cost = Overhead cost for Painting Department + Overhead cost for Finishing Department
= $504.90 + $63.06
= $567.96
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Using a multiple-department rate system, the overhead from both production departments allocated to each unit of Product B is $33.66 per unit. The correct answer is an option (c) $325.95 per unit.
To calculate the overhead allocation rate for each department, divide the total estimated overhead for each department by the total estimated direct labor hours for that department:
Painting department: $467,874 / 13,900 dlh = $33.66 per dlh
Finishing department: $78,825 / 7,500 dlh = $10.51 per dlh
Next, allocate the overhead to each product based on the direct labor hours required for each product in each department:
Painting department overhead allocated to Product B: 5 dlh × $33.66 per dlh = $168.30
Finishing department overhead allocated to Product B: 15 dlh × $10.51 per dlh = $157.65
Total overhead allocated to each unit of Product B: $168.30 + $157.65 = $325.95 per unit
Therefore, the correct answer is an option (c) $325.95 per unit.
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How does lvmh benefit from economies of scale?
LVMH benefits from economies of scale through bulk purchasing, production efficiency, marketing, distribution, and research & development, allowing the company to reduce costs, improve product quality, and maintain a competitive advantage in the luxury goods market.
LVMH benefits from economies of scale in multiple ways. Firstly, by having a diverse portfolio of luxury brands, LVMH is able to share resources such as manufacturing facilities, logistics, and marketing expenses among its various brands. This allows the company to reduce its per-unit costs and increase its profit margins.
Additionally, LVMH's size and scale give it significant bargaining power with suppliers, enabling it to negotiate better deals for raw materials, packaging, and other inputs.
Moreover, LVMH's large size also allows it to spread its fixed costs (such as administrative expenses) over a larger number of units, reducing the cost per unit and increasing profitability.
Overall, by leveraging economies of scale, LVMH is able to operate more efficiently and effectively, reducing costs and increasing profitability, which ultimately benefits the company and its shareholders.
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FILL IN THE BLANK you should __________ in order to document data properly.
A monopolist's total costs are given by c(q) = 20 + 10q+q^2 and she faces the demand curve q = 200 - 2p. a. What output will the monopolist sell, and at what price? b. Calculate the monopolist's profits. c. What output level, if produced, would maximize social surplus? d. Calculate the deadweight loss due to this monopoly. e. At the output chosen by the monopolist i. What is the price elasticity of demand? ii. What is the marginal revenue?
A)Which is the derivative of the cost function c(q), we get 100 - q = 10 + 2q. Solving for q, we get q = 30.
B) The monopolist's profits are $600.
C)The output level that maximizes social surplus is 65 units, where price is $35.
D) The deadweight loss is $675.
E)i) Price elasticity of demand of -1.5.
ii)The marginal revenue is $70.
a. To find the monopolist's profit-maximizing output and price, we first need to determine the monopolist's marginal revenue (MR) curve. Using the demand curve, we can find the inverse demand function as p = 100 - 0.5q, and then differentiate this with respect to q to get MR = 100 - q.
Setting MR equal to the monopolist's marginal cost (MC), which is the derivative of the cost function c(q), we get 100 - q = 10 + 2q. Solving for q, we get q = 30.
Substituting q into the inverse demand function, we get p = $70. Therefore, the monopolist will sell 30 units of output at a price of $70.
b The monopolist's profits are equal to total revenue minus total cost. Total revenue is equal to price times quantity, which is $70 times 30, or $2,100. Total cost is equal to the cost function evaluated at the output level, which is c(30) = $1,500. Therefore, the monopolist's profits are $600.
c. The output level that maximizes social surplus is where marginal cost equals marginal benefit, which is the inverse demand curve. From part (a), we know that the output level that maximizes the monopolist's profits is 30. Substituting this into the inverse demand function, we get a price of $70. Therefore, the output level that maximizes social surplus is 65 units, where price is $35.
d. The deadweight loss due to this monopoly is the difference in social surplus between the monopoly and the socially optimal output level. From parts (b) and (c), we know that the monopoly's profit-maximizing output level generates $600 in profits, while the socially optimal output level generates $1,275 in total surplus. Therefore, the deadweight loss is $675.
e. i. At an output level of 30, the price elasticity of demand can be calculated using the midpoint method as (Δq/((q1+q2)/2)) / (Δp/((p1+p2)/2)), where q1 = 30, q2 = 40, p1 = 70, and p2 = 60. This gives a price elasticity of demand of -1.5.
e. ii. The monopolist's marginal revenue can be found from the MR curve, which is 100 - q. At an output level of 30, the marginal revenue is $70.
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How does inventory differ between manufacturing and services? With these differences in mind, give three ways that services can better manage their inventory
Inventory differs between manufacturing and services primarily because manufacturing involves physical goods, while services involve intangible assets.
In manufacturing, inventory consists of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods, whereas in services, inventory typically includes human resources, skills, and knowledge.
Considering these differences, there are three ways that services can better manage their inventory:
1. Employee Training and Development: Services can focus on improving their human resources by investing in employee training and development programs. This will enhance their skills and knowledge, ultimately contributing to better service delivery and customer satisfaction.
2. Efficient Resource Allocation: Services can optimize the utilization of their resources by allocating them effectively. This includes assigning the right employees to specific tasks based on their expertise and managing workloads to prevent overburdening or under-utilizing resources.
3. Technology Integration: Services can adopt technology to streamline processes, enhance communication, and automate routine tasks. This allows service providers to better manage their intangible inventory and deliver more consistent, high-quality services to their clients.
In summary, inventory management in services differs from manufacturing due to the nature of the assets involved. To better manage inventory, service providers can focus on employee training, efficient resource allocation, and technology integration.
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Marketing can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning
A) scheduling.
B) promotions.
C) inventory control.
D) aggregate planning.
E) purchasing.
Marketing can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning scheduling, promotions, inventory control, aggregate planning, and purchasing.
Forecasts play a crucial role in marketing decision-making across various areas. Firstly, scheduling decisions can be informed by forecasts to optimize the timing of marketing activities and ensure efficient resource allocation. Secondly, forecasts help in planning promotions by predicting demand patterns and identifying opportunities for targeted campaigns.
Additionally, forecasts assist in inventory control by estimating future demand and ensuring adequate stock levels to meet customer needs. In terms of aggregate planning, forecasts enable marketing teams to align production and distribution strategies with anticipated demand.
Lastly, forecasts guide purchasing decisions by providing insights into expected demand levels and enabling effective supply chain management. Overall, forecasts serve as valuable tools for marketing professionals to make informed decisions and maximize their impact on business outcomes.
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