Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), and more especially epidural SCS (eSCS), was first created to treat chronic pain and has been described since 1967. It includes the surgical insertion of a tiny array of electrodes into the epidural region.
Abstract:Recent research has identified epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) as a viable treatment for chronic spinal cord damage (SCI). It has been demonstrated that eSCS can find undiscovered routes in the injured spinal cord. The main conclusions that have been drawn so far about the application of eSCS in SCI are summarized in this review. Utilizing the reference lists from the included papers as well as the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science, searches were conducted. Studies looking into the application of eSCS to enable volitional movement and to reestablish autonomic function in SCI patients were found using a combination of medical subject heading terms and keywords.
In order to prevent pain signals from flowing from your spine to your brain, an epidural anesthesia injection works by injecting an anesthetic into the epidural area around your spine.
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how would you define a fruit? how can fruit be helpful in seed dispersal?
Answer:
Defined: the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
These fruits, including the seeds, are eaten by animals who then disperse the seeds when they defecate
Explanation:
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Can some help me please
The parts of Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) molecules include adenine, ribose and phosphate groups.
What is the purpose of ATP?Cells consume and store energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source. Adenine, ribose, and three serially bound phosphate groups make up the structure of ATP, which is a nucleoside triphosphate. The ATP that is produced during food digestion is what animals use to store their energy. Similar to this, plants use ATP molecules to store the energy they obtain from light during photosynthesis.
Where does ATP contain its energy?In ATP, the bonds holding the phosphate groups together serve as energy storage. More specifically, ATP's second and third phosphate groups are where the energy is kept. The third phosphate group separates from ATP when the cell needs energy, releasing energy in that bond.
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OtWhich part of the cell theory did Schleiden help establish with his observation of plant material?
O A. Cells were named by Robert Hooke.
OB. Nonliving things are made up of cells.
OC. All cells come from existing cells.
O D. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
Answer:
C. All cells come from existing cells.
Explanation:
Schleiden observed plant material and concluded that all plant tissue was made up of cells, which helped to establish the cell theory that all cells come from existing cells.
Which agricultural inventions prompted the Sung dynasty’s population growth?
Select all that apply.
Responses
New irrigation techniques were used.New irrigation techniques were used.
New strains of rice were grown.New strains of rice were grown.
New methods for breeding livestock were used.New methods for breeding livestock were used.
New strains of wheat were grown.
In addition to early ripening and drought-resistant types, farmers also created rice that was suitable for brewing and other specialized uses.
What is the procedure for brewing?Malting, milling, mashing, extract separation, hop addition and boiling, hop removal and precipitates removal, cooling and aeration, fermentation, yeast separation from young beer, age, and maturation are all steps in the brewing of beer.
What does the word "brew" actually mean?A transitive verb that means to steep, boil, and ferment (beer, ale, etc.) or to infuse and ferment. It also means to foment.
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hairlike processes that project from epithelial cells; help propel mucus, dust particles, and other foreign substances from the respiratory tract
It is true that, Epithelial cells form hairlike processes that help expel mucus, dust, and other foreign items from the respiratory tract.
Cilia, which resemble hairs, line the mucous membrane and transport mucus-trapped particles outside the nose. The tissue that lines the nasal cavity moistens, warms, and purifies the air that is inhaled. On the outside of airway cells, cilia are movable, tiny projections that resemble fingers.
The cilia that line the airways aid in raising and expelling mucus from the lungs. One of the defense systems of the respiratory system is represented by cilia, small muscular projections that resemble hairs on the cells lining the airway. A liquid mucus film that coats the airways is propelled by cilia.
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Correct Question:
State true or false: hairlike processes that project from epithelial cells; help propel mucus, dust particles, and other foreign substances from the respiratory tract.
two uses of carbohydrate made in photosynthesis?
Two uses of carbohydrate made by photosynthesis are Source of energy and usage in biochemical synthesis.
Carbohydrate is one of most essential nutrient for most of the organisms. It is made after plant performs photosynthesis. It has many usage in plants which includes source of energy, biochemical synthesis, repairing of leaf cells and building of cellular structure etc.
Source of energy : Carbohydrates are a rich source of energy in plants, they store carbs in the form of starch and sugar which gives plants surplus supply of energy.Biochemical synthesis : Breakdown of carbs creates other essential chemicals and compounds which are essential for biochemical processes in plants.Learn more about Carbohydrates here,
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Identify the part of the neuromuscular junction at B:
a. A Axon Terminal
b. Dendrites
c. Axon branches
d. Muscle fiber
Part of the neuromuscular junction at B is the axon terminal. Here option A is the correct answer.
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site where a motor neuron's axon terminal (part B in the image) makes contact with a muscle fiber (part D in the image).
At the axon terminal, the motor neuron releases a chemical neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) which diffuses across the synapse and binds to receptors on the muscle fiber, leading to the contraction of the muscle.
Dendrites are the branches of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons, and Axon branches are the branches of the axon that send signals to other neurons or muscle fibers.
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It is an organic compounds serve as the genetic information storage molecules and also provide information to make proteins.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an organic compound that serves as the genetic information storage molecule and provides information to make proteins.
What is DNA?
DNA is an organic compound that stores genetic information and provides information to make proteins.
DNA is an organic molecule (containing carbon) that has a double helix structure. It is formed from two strands that bind together by hydrogen bonds between base portions.
DNA stores genetic information in sequences of four bases of nucleic acid; adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Each base, A, T, C, and G considered as a letter that spells out biological messages in the chemical structure. Organisms differ from one another because they have different nucleotide sequences and cause different messages.
These nucleotide sequences act as the instruction for producing protein. Therefore DNA messages encode the protein.
For example, the nucleotide sequence of the beta-globin gene. This gene carries the information for the amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin molecule.
Thus, structurally DNA is an organic compound that stores information in the form of nucleotide sequences, for making proteins.
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In the tropical rainforest plants must compete for
This plant is Macaranga hypoleuca. Compare its leaves to those of the plants around it. What is the relationship between the leaves of this plant, photosynthesis, and competition with neighboring plants
The three important functions of individual plants that determine the process of canopy development and competition are as follows:
Resource acquisition plasticity.Morphogenetic plasticity.Architectural variation in the efficiency of interception and utilization of light. What is Competition?Competition may be characterized as a type of interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply. It lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the number of resources available to the other.
In the tropical rainforest plants must compete for sunlight, nutrients, and other resources. The relationship between the leaves of this plant is that they receive less sunlight due to this, the rate of photosynthesis is typically low. As a result of this, it faces more competition with the neighboring plants.
Therefore, the three important functions of individual plants that determine the process of canopy development and competition are well described above.
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thank you very much thank you
Answer: D
Explanation:
cuz i took the test
Why is visualization not sufficient to properly identify bacteria?
A. Bacteria have a limited set of shapes.
B. Identification is only needed in clinical specimens.
C. Many unrelated bacteria can share the same shape.
D. Bacteria have a limited set of shapes and many unrelated bacteria share the same shape.
E. Not all bacteria can be seen with a light microscope.
Visualization not sufficient to properly identify bacteria the correct option is (D). Bacteria have a limited set of shapes and many unrelated bacteria share the same shape.
Some bacteria, known as vibrio, have comma- or rod-like shapes; others might have spiral or tightly wound shapes, known as spirilla or spirochaetes. A few more uncommon shapes, including microorganisms in the form of stars, have been described.
Numerous bacterial species only exist as solitary cells, while others create distinctive associations. For example, Neisseria forms diploids (pairs), streptococci form chains, and staphylococci cluster into "bunch of grapes"-like clusters.
Soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the Earth's crust are all home to bacteria. Through the recycling of nutrients, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere, bacteria are essential at many phases of the nutrition cycle. The decomposition of dead corpses is a part of the nutrient cycle; bacteria are in charge of the putrefaction phase of this process.
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Which of the following ways is most likely to decrease the genetic diversity in a population?AGene mutationBGenetic recombinationCStabilising natural selectionDImmigration of individuals
Answer:So, the correct answer is 'Stabilising natural selection'.
Explanation:
the court found the soldier guilty on the basis of the womans remarkable memory for dates and details that apparently eliminated all other possible fathers what are the possible genotypes for these three people
Genotypes of The Soldier's Blood Type: IOIO The O blood group only contains antigen O. Mother's blood type genotypes are IAIO.
What are the three genotype types?
There are three different genotype types: homozygous dominant (PP), homozygous recessive (PP), & heterozygous (Pp). The traits are the same in homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes.
Why is genotype important?
Similar to the term "genome," "genotype" in one meaning refers to the total collection of genes present in an organism's cells. However, in a more restricted meaning, it can refer to various alleles, or variant versions, of a gene for specific features or qualities.
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Look at the diagram. Which of these gives the best account of how the islands were formed?
(A) Magma rises over the hot spot and forms an island. The plate moves, and another island forms.
(B) There are many hot spots along the plate boundaries. Each one forms a single island.
(C) The plate boundaries collide and form many volcanoes along the plate boundaries.
(D) As magma heats up in the mantle, it flows along the lithosphere and forms many islands
An island is formed by magma rising over the hot point. A new island is created as a result of plate movement.
What does the term "magma" mean?Under the surface of the Earth, magma is rock that is partially liquid and extremely hot. Lava is the term used to describe magma that flows onto the Earth's surface.
Magma a sort of rock?The source of igneous rocks is magma, a rock that is molten or partially molten. While melts of carbonate and sulfur do occasionally occur, it mostly consists of silicate liquid. Lava is ejected from magma that has either migrated to great depths or the Earth's surface.
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What are the general climate conditions in much of eastern europe?
Climatic conditions in most of eastern Europe are subarctic climates.
What is climate?Climate is the habit and character of the weather that occurs in a place or area. The time period used as a reference for determining the average climate is 30 years. The constituent elements of climate are the same as the weather.
In Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Alps, and several other highlands have a subarctic climate. Subarctic climates are climates characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers.
In winter, subarctic climates have short days and very long nights. Winter in subarctic climate areas at night can reach extreme temperatures of up to -20 to -50° Celsius.
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true or false? Based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up.
The statement "based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up" is definitely true.
What is the Kinetic molecular theory?The kinetic molecular theory may be stated that the average kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temperature of the gas.
The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature of the gas and nothing else. So, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will definitely increase gradually in a closed system.
Therefore, the statement "based on the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, if the kinetic energy of atoms goes up, then the temperature will go up" is definitely true.
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Consider the following scenario - You’ve read about how air pollution can result in acid rain and now you’re wondering how it may affect the plants in your garden. Hypothesis: Independent Variable: _____
Dependent Variable: _____
Constants: _____
Control Group: _____
Experimental Group: _____
In an experiment about how air pollution can result in acid rain and now you’re wondering how it may affect the plants in your garden the hypothesis is that air pollution affects plant life, Independent Variable is the amount of acid rain, the dependent variable is the rate of plant growth, constants are temperature and humidity, the control group is the growth of another species (e.g. an insect species) and the experimental group are the plant species in the garden.
What is the dependent variable?The dependent variable in an experiment is one that is modified by the independent variable which is the cause of its change, while constant conditions stay the same and the target group is the experimental group.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the dependent variable and independent variable are mutually related and do not affect the constant conditions.
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Dietary ___ is a tough complex carbohydrate that the body is unable to digest.
Answer:
fiber
Explanation:
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body can't digest. Though most carbohydrates are broken down into sugar molecules called glucose, fiber cannot be broken down into sugar molecules, and instead it passes through the body undigested
Plasmodial slime mold is an example of a multinucleated cell.a. Trueb. False
Plasmodial slime mold is an example of a multinucleated cell. It can be referred to as "one huge cytoplasmic mass with many nuclei" as seen to the right.
What are slime molds classified as?Slime molds are classified in the Kingdom Protista (the Protists), despite many years of having been classified as fungi, in the class Myxomycetes. This change in classification resulted from research that yielded new information about their biology and phylogeny.
Why are Plasmodial slime mold not multicellular?Plasmodium slime molds are unicellular when there is the availability of food. However, when the nutrients become scarce in the environment, these single-celled slime molds congregate to form a body and move around in search of food as the congregate form can detect airborne chemicals.
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Match the hormones with their roles in breastfeeding: Mammary gland growth
Milk production and storage
Milk let-down
Mammary gland shrinkage
=Prolactin
= Oxytocin
= Estrogens
= Progesterone
Mammary gland growth - estrogen
Milk production and storage - prolactin
Milk letdown - oxytocin
Mammary gland shrinkage - progesterone
When a baby suckles, it stimulates tiny nerves. This releases two of her hormones, prolactin, and oxytocin, into the bloodstream. Prolactin promotes milk production, and oxytocin promotes milk production. Breast milk is then released or expelled from the nipple. Estrogen is essential for MG growth, both in pubertal ductal dilatation and in alveolar development during pregnancy. Breast tissue prepared for milk production shrinks and loses its shape. Because of progesterone.
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Write the equation for photosynthesis.
(hint - there are answers/questions within this assessment that can help you)
2Points
You can write the equation using the chemical formulas or words and do not forget to include the arrow in the middle of your equation.
(Please tell me exactly what you mean/are referring to in your answer as I cannot assume what you are telling me in your answer.)
Answer:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
where:
CO2 = Carbon Dioxide
H2O = Water
light energy = energy from light (photons)
C6H12O6 = glucose (a simple sugar)
O2 = Oxygen
Explanation:
what is the term for inanimate objects that harbor microorganisms that contribute to environmental contamination?
The term fomite inanimate objects harbor microorganisms that contribute to environmental contamination.
Inanimate items that are capable of carrying and spreading illness and infectious agents are referred to as fomites. It's possible to refer to fomites as passive vectors as well. There is a vast variety of commonplace items that have the potential to become fomites if they come into touch with infectious agents such as germs, viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Certain infectious diseases are more likely to be passed on via fomites than others. However, the likelihood of bacteria on a fomite being able to successfully transmit to a human is contingent upon a number of conditions.
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What were the original inhabitants of australia called?
The original inhabitants of Australia are known as Indigenous Australians. They have a rich culture and history that stretches back more than 60,000 years. Indigenous Australians are made up of many different groups, each with their own unique language, customs, and traditions. They were hunter-gatherers and had complex societies, spiritual beliefs, and trading networks. They have been the custodians of the land and the culture for millennia and continue to play a significant role in the country's history, culture and identity.
Classify make a table with two columns-labeled haploid and diploid-and assign each of the following structures from the pine life cycle to the appropriate column: pollen tube, seed cone, embryo, ovule, and seeding
The haploid cells are the pollen tube, seed cone, and the seedling, while the diploid cells are the embryo and the ovule, and the haploid has the half set of the genetic contents while the diploid has the double set.
What is the significance of the haploid cells?The haploid cells are important as they are the gametes that have the capacity to form the zygote, and they can be either sperm or an ovule. So the haploid cells, which are the male and female gametes, combine to make the diploid cells.
Hence, the haploid cells are the pollen tube, seed cone, and the seedling, while the diploid cells are the embryo and the ovule, and the haploid has the half set of the genetic contents while the diploid has the double set.
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Pretend you are MEIOSIS. Write a letter to your body letting it know how important MEIOSIS is for your body to function and carry out life. You must include the following words: gametes, haploid, diploid, chromosomes, crossing-over, fertilization.
The letter to my body letting it know how important MEIOSIS is for your body to function and carry out life is written below.
The letter to my bodyDear body,
Meiosis here, writing to remind you of the essential part I play in your capacity to operate and go about living your life. Without me, it would not be possible to produce genetically different gametes, which are the reproductive cells.
As you may know, one of my main responsibilities is converting a cell's diploid to haploid chromosome count. For gametes to develop into healthy, viable individuals, cell division is necessary. The process of fertilization and subsequent life-cycle continuation would not be possible without chromosomal reduction.
Through the process of crossing-over, in which genes from various chromosomes can be transferred, genetic diversity is also expanded during my process. As a result, each gamete develops a distinctive combination of genetic information, which is essential for the survival of subsequent generations.
In a nutshell, my job in your body is to reduce the number of chromosomes and facilitate crossing-over so that healthy, genetically varied gametes are produced. Fertilization and life's continuation would not be conceivable without me. To ensure that I can continue to perform my duties effectively, please remember to take good care of both me and the cells I deal with.
Yours Sincerely,
Meiosis
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Which table best compares the parent cell to the daughter cells in the process of meiosis?
Meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes the sex cells or egg and sperm. In humans body or somatic cells are diploid containing two sets of chromosomes one from each parent.
Meiosis has distinct stages called :
prophase MetaphaseAnaphase PelophaseTherefore the purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes or sex cells. During meiosis four daughter cells are produced each of which are haploid containing half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Ms. Green's biology students were studying cellular respiration. Using baking yeast to test the rate of fermentation, student groups mixed yeast with different manipulated variables. The groups used the height of the carbon dioxide bubbles produced in a test tube to determine which variable(s) produced the highest rate of fermentation.
Ms. Green's biology students were studying cellular respiration. Using baking yeast to test the rate of fermentation, student groups mixed yeast with different manipulated variables. The groups used the height of the carbon dioxide bubbles produced in a test tube to determine which variable(s) produced the highest rate of fermentation. Students hypothesized that adding lactose to a sixth test tube would produce the greatest amount of carbon dioxide.
Respiration is a process of overhauling complex organic molecules to produce energy. One type of respiration without oxygen, namely anaerobic respiration, will break down glucose to release stored energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs when the body needs energy quickly.
An example of anaerobic respiration alcohol fermentation using yeast. When approached, enzymes in yeast will analyze it with starch and sugar so that a decarboxylation process occurs when pyruvic acid from glucolysis breaks down carbon dioxide and carbonate groups to form acetaldehyde. Energy and carbon dioxide will be formed after acetyldehyth is reduced. Therefore the addition of lactose will produce the largest amount of carbon dioxide because lactose is a sugar molecule that is a food source for yeast.
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When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?Answer Options:A. 3/17B. 3/4​
Hydrogen and nitrogen, which are both nonmetals, are found in ammonia. With the three hydrogens present, nitrogen thus forms three covalent bonds.
Ammonia consists of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom. Hydrogen nitride is another name for it. Ammonia therefore contains nitrogen and hydrogen in a 14:3 mass ratio. Hydrogen and nitrogen, which are both nonmetals, are found in ammonia. With the three hydrogens present, nitrogen thus forms three covalent bonds.
In ammonia, the bond with a proton (H +) is formed by the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom (N), which is depicted as a line above the N. After that, each of the four N–H bonds, which are polar covalent bonds, is equivalent. The ion isoelectronic with methane and the borohydride anion and has a tetrahedral structure.
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When I weigh ammonia, fraction of hydrogen is A)3/17.So,correct option is A. Molecular formula of ammonia is NH₃.
For finding the fraction of hydrogen in ammonia, we need to know about the molecular mass of ammonia. By knowing the molecular mass we can easily find the fraction of hydrogen in it.
We know that molecular mass of ammonia is =Molecular mass of Nitrogen + 3 ˣ Molecular mass of Hydrogen. Since, molecular mass of hydrogen is 1 gm and molecular mass of nitrogen is 14g.
So, molecular mass of ammonia is = (3 ˣ 1) + 14
=>molecular mass of ammonia is =17g.
Now,taking about fraction of hydrogen in it=(total mass of hydrogen) / total mass of ammonia
=>Fraction is =3/17
Hence,correct option is A.
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(Complete question) is:
When you weigh ammonia, what fraction of it is hydrogen?Answer Options:A. 3/17 B. 3/4 C)3/5 D)3//14
PLS HELPP I DONT KNOW WHAT TO DO!!
If the original parent cell has 64 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each cell have after the second meiotic division
Answer:
the correct answer is 32 because it splits evenly
Answer:
At the end of mitosis, the two daughter cells will be exact copies of the original cell. Each daughter cell will have 30 chromosomes. At the end of meiosis II, each cell (i.e., gamete) would have half the original number of chromosomes, that is, 15 chromosomes.
Explanation: