The main difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium cooling processes is that- (a) in an equilibrium process, the composition of the phase formed is uniform throughout. This is because there is sufficient time for the solute to diffuse and reach an equilibrium state.
On the other hand, in a non-equilibrium cooling process, the first solid formed may have a higher solute composition than the next solid that forms.
This can lead to the formation of a cored structure, where the outer layers of the solid have a different composition than the inner layers.Equilibrium cooling is the process normally used in industries to make metal bars from the molten state because it gives us a desired microstructure. In this process, the cooling rate is slow, and there is no diffusion of solute. This ensures that the composition of the solid formed is uniform throughout.Non-equilibrium cooling, on the other hand, has a higher cooling rate. This means that there is less time for the solute to diffuse, and the composition of the solid formed may not be uniform throughout. However, the typical solidification or cooling process in industries is the non-equilibrium cooling process due to its faster cooling rate and practical considerations.Know more about the cooling processes
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The high-pressure fuel pumps used in gasoline direct-injection (GDI) systems are powered by ________.
Answer:
Camshaft
Explanation:
When you approach an uncontrolled intersection, you should treat it as though which sign is present?
Answer: A yield sign
Explanation:
If a dielectric material, such as teflon®, is placed between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor without altering the structure of the capacitor, how is the capacitance affected?.
The capacitance is affected is that the capacitance increases because of the insertion of Teflon.
What is capacitance?A capacitance is known to be a form of a device that is said to be used to save some measures of charges in any kind of an electrical circuit.
Note that the capacitor functions on the principle that the capacitance of a conductor is said to go up if an earthed conductor is taken close to it.
Therefore, The capacitance is affected is that the capacitance increases because of the insertion of Teflon and so the teflon tends to widen the capacitance.
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Manual transmission has a driver-operated clutch and a movable gear selector. In manual transmission, the gears are engaged .....................
In the case above about manual transmission, the gears are engaged manually.
What is manual transmission?The Definition of the term manual transmission is regarded as a kind of a system where there is the changing gears in a manual way.
Hence, In the case above about manual transmission, the gears are engaged manually is correct.
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Determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.30 wt.% at a position of 4 mm into an iron-carbon alloy that initially contains 0.10 wt.% C. The surface concentration is to be maintained at 0.90 wt.% C, and the treatment is to be conducted at C. Use the diffusion data for -Fe in Table 5.2
Answer:
the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration is 31.657 hours
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
To determine the carburizing time necessary to achieve the given carbon concentration, we will be using the following equation:
(Cs - Cx) / (Cs - C0) = ERF( x / 2√Dt)
where Cs is Concentration of carbon at surface = 0.90
Cx is Concentration of carbon at distance x = 0.30 ; x in this case is 4 mm = ( 0.004 m )
C0 is Initial concentration of carbon = 0.10
ERF() = Error function at the given value
D = Diffusion of Carbon into steel
t = Time necessary to achieve given carbon concentration ,
so
(Cs - Cx) / (Cs - C0) = (0.9 - 0.3) / (0.9 - 0.1)
= 0.6 / 0.8
= 0.75
now, ERF(z) = 0.75; using ERF table, we can say;
Z ~ 0.81; which means ( x / 2√Dt) = 0.81
Now, Using the table of diffusion data
D = 5.35 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/sec at (1100°C) or 1373 K
now we calculate the carbonizing time by using the following equation;
z = (x/2√Dt)
t is carbonizing time
so we we substitute in our values
0.81 = ( 0.004 / 2 × √5.35 × 10⁻¹¹ × √t)
0.81 = 0.004 / 1.4628 × 10⁻⁵ × √t
0.81 × 1.4628 × 10⁻⁵ × √t = 0.004
1.184868 × 10⁻⁵ × √t = 0.004
√t = 0.004 / 1.184868 × 10⁻⁵
√t = 337.5903
t = ( 337.5903)²
t = 113967.21 seconds
we convert to hours
t = 113967.21 / 3600
t = 31.657 hours
Therefore, the carburizing time necessary to achieve a carbon concentration is 31.657 hours
Water enters a vertical jet with low velocity and a pressure of 350 kPa. What is the maximum height that the water can rise above the jet
The maximum height that the water can rise above the jet is; 35 m
How to find the height pressure of water?
The formula for pressure here is;
P = P₀ + ρgh
where;
P₀ is the pressure at the fluid's surface.
ρ is the density of the fluid. (density of water = 1000 kg/m³)
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s².
h is height of rise of fluid
Now, the pressure at water surface is zero because the pressure the atmosphere exerts on the water is equal to the pressure the water exerts on the atmosphere. Thus, P₀ = 0 Pa
We are given P = 350 kPa = 350000 Pa. Thus;
350000 = 0 + (1000 * 10 * h)
350000 = 10000h
h = 350000/10000
h = 35 meters
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g wastewater is to be treated with aerated lagoons. You are considering two different design options: A) A single lagoon with a surface area of 180 m2 B) Two lagoons in series with surface areas of 90 m2 each. All ponds have a depth of 2 m. The flow rate of wastewater is 5000 L/day. The waste contains 600 mg/L of organic material that is readily biodegradable with a first-order rate constant of 0.35 day-1. What final effluent concentration of organic material would you expect for each design
A certain sine wave has a positive-going zero crossing at 0° and an rms value of 20 V. Calculate its instantaneous value at each of the following angles
Based on the positive-going zero crossing at 0° of the sine wave, the instantaneous value at 15° is 7.321V.
What is the instantaneous value?At 15°, the instantaneous value is:
= 20√2 x Sin(angle)
Solving gives:
= 20√2 x Sin(15°)
= 7.321V
At angel 33°, the instantaneous value is:
= 20√2 x Sin(angle)
= 20√2 x Sin(33)
= 15.405V
At angle 70°:
= 20√2 x Sin(angle)
= 20√2 x Sin(70)
= 26.579V
The full question is:
A certain sine wave has a positive-going zero crossing at 0° and an rms value of 20 V. Calculate its instantaneous value at each of the following angles: a. 15° b. 33° c. 70°
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3) Explain how dc machines Can work as motor and generator
The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor.
For some alloy, the yield stress is 345-MPa (50,000-psi) and the elastic modulus (E) is 103-GPa (15x106 psi). What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 130-mm2 (0.2-in2) without plastic deformation
The maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 130 mm² is; 35535 N
How to find Elastic Modulus?We are told that for an alloy, the yield stress is 345-MPa and the elastic modulus (E) is 103-GPa.
Now, we want to find the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 130-mm² without plastic deformation. Thus;
We are given the parameters;
Yield Stress; σ = 345 Mpa = 345 * 10⁶ Pa
Elastic Modulus; E = 103 GPa = 103 * 10⁹ Pa
Cross sectional Area; A = 130 mm² = 103 * 10⁻⁶ m²
Formula for stress without Plastic deformation is;
σ = F_max/Area
where;
σ is stress
F_max is maximum force
Area is Area
Thus making maximum force the subject of the formula gives;
F_max = σ * A
Plugging in the relevant values for stress and area gives us;
F_max = 345 * 10⁶ * 103 * 10⁻⁶
F_max = 35535 N
The maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 130 mm² is gotten to be 35535 N
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A line has a slope of 2/5 and contains the point (-10, -6). What is the y-intercept (b) of the line?
Answer:
y-intercept = -2
Explanation:
The general structure of an equation in slope-intercept form is:
y = mx + b
In this formula, "m" represents the slope and "b" represents the y-intercept. Remember how the Point (-10, -6) contains one "x" value and one "y" value. Using these values in addition to the slope, you can plug them into the equation to find the y-intercept.
x = -10 (from point)
y = -6 (from point)
m = 2/5
y = mx + b <----- Slope-intercept form
y = (2/5) x + b <----- Plug 2/5 into "m"
-6 = (2/5)(-10) + b <----- Plug in "x" and "y" values from point
-6 = -4 + b <----- Multiply 2/5 and -10
-2 = b <----- Add 4 to both sides
Therefore, the value of the y-intercept is b = -2. The complete equation of the line is:
y = (2/5)x - 2
When converting liquid level units to sensor output signal units, you should first convert the liquid level units to _____ units
When converting liquid-level units to sensor output signal units, you should first convert the liquid-level units to engineering units.
The engineering units are the actual physical measurements of the liquid level, such as meters, feet, inches, or any other relevant unit of length or depth.
Once the liquid level is expressed in engineering units, you can then proceed with the conversion to the sensor output signal units, which typically involves scaling the engineering units to match the range and sensitivity of the sensor's output.
This ensures that the sensor provides an accurate and meaningful representation of the liquid level, making it easier to interpret and use the data for various applications.
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A centrifugal pump levers water
to a boiter at the rate of 0.05mls
pressure rises across the
is 7 bar, the suction pipe 100m
I'm diameter, and delivering pipe
the
ритр
is 15mm diameter, the outlet
being 0.5m above the intet.
Calculate the efficiency of
the pump
the
kipe, it
power delivered to
the driving shaft is 45 kWatt
Answer:
Industrial users can select from numerous pump technologies for water supply and the handling of other liquid media. A particular favorite is the centrifugal pump. How do centrifugal pumps work? What different delivery principles are there? For which applications are centrifugal pumps especially well-suited?
Here we provide you an overview of the different types of centrifugal pumps. In addition, the operating principles are explained, and typical applications are listed also.
Explanation:
Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe with negligible entrance effects. If the length of the pipe is doubled, the pressure drop will _____.
True or false? if i were to hook up an ac voltage source to a resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor would be in phase with the current in the circuit.
Answer: True
Explanation:
In order to live and grow, bacteria need moisture, food, the right temperature, and ______? Fill in the blank
Answer:
acidity, time,oxygen
Explanation:
These are some conditions for the growth of bacteria
A +7.5% grade meets a horizontal grade on a section of a rural mountainous highway. If the length of the crest vertical curve formed in that section is 300 ft long, determine the safe operating speed on the highway.
Using the formula of comfort condition it is possible to determine the safe operating speed on the highway.
What is a deflection angle?In physics, we define angular deviation as the angle resulting from the deflection of light when reflected from a prism. A prism has the ability to separate white light into several other colors, which are reflected by the object.
The comfort condition formula is given by: [tex]L=2(\frac{NV^{3} }{C} )^{\frac{1}{2} }[/tex]
Where, L is the length of the vertical curve, N is the grade, V is the safe speed operation and assuming the standart value for C (0,6 m/s3) it is possible to calculate:
[tex]C = 0,6 m/s^{3} = 1,968 ft/s^{3}\\ N= N1 - N2 = 7,5-0 = 7,5% = 0,075[/tex]
Changing the values in the formula:
[tex]L=2(\frac{NV^{3} }{C}){\frac{1}{2} } \\300 = 2(\frac{0,075.V^{3} }{1,968})^{\frac{1}{2} } \\V = 83,89 ft/s[/tex]
So, the safe operating speed on the highway is 83,89 ft/s.
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A flexible hydraulic hose identified as mil-h-8788 will have a stripe running the length of the hose. This stripe?
Answer: This a system of equations question. What you will do is make an equation comparing the two lengths then make another one as the sum of the lengths. H1 will stand for hose 1 and H2 will stand for hose 2.
so our first equation is H1=4*(H2)-20. We know this because H1 is 20 less than 4 times H2.
After landing equipment, a hydraulic flexible hose has been removing the everlasting form of a hose because of stress is called a save you high strain from extruding the seal among the transferring and desk-bound parts.
What are Hydraulics?Hydraulics is a mechanical characteristic that operates via the pressure of liquid pressure. In hydraulics-based totally structures, mechanical motion is produced with the aid of contained, pumped liquid, normally via hydraulic cylinders transferring pistons.
Hydraulic structures paintings through using pressurized fluid to energy an engine. these hydraulic presses position pressure on a small amount of fluid for you to generate a massive amount of power. Hydraulic structures are capable of shifting heavier loads in addition to offering greater force than mechanical, electrical, or pneumatic systems. The fluid energy gadget approach can without difficulty address a huge weight variety without having to use gears, pulleys, or heavy leavers.
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When a system is in deep vacuum;
a. never add refrigerant to the system.
b. never use a micron gauge.
c. never energize the compressor.
d. never energize system fans and blowers.
When a system is in a deep vacuum, never energize the compressor. The correct option is a.
What is a deep vacuum?A deep vacuum is a system in which the boiling point of liquid lowers down and the temperature lowers for outgassing. They help in freeze drying, metallurgy, distillation, etc. It used 500 or less than 500 microns for deep vacuum.
Vacuum tubes, such as cathode ray tubes, and electron microscopes are made possible by the electronic resistivity of the vacuum. Torr is the unit used to measure vacuums.
Thus, the correct option is a. never energize the compressor.
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Waterbutt filtration system for pond. Water pressure principles, help needed?
I have water butt 1 and 2 working perfectly but as soon as I add another to the system water butt 1 and 2 start rising and overflowing.
Is there something I'm missing or doing wrong here? How does water leveling work?
Thanks all.
Water pressure principles is known to state that the amount of Fluid pressure is said to be perpendicular to the surface on which it it exert or works on.
Note that principle is shown by a vessel that is said to be having flat sides and has water. The pressure exerted by the weight of the water is therefore known to be perpendicular to the walls of the storage.
What is a Waterbutt used for?A water butt is known to be a container that is made and also used to store a lot of rainwater.
Note that Water pressure principles is known to state that the amount of Fluid pressure is said to be perpendicular to the surface on which it it exert or works on.
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Steam at 75 kPa and 8 percent quality is contained in a spring-loaded piston–cylinder device, as shown in Figure, with an initial volume of 2 m3 . Steam is now heated until its volume is 5 m3 and its pressure is 225 kPa. Determine the heat transferred to and the work produced by the steam during this process.
The heat transferred to and the work produced by the steam during this process is 13781.618 kJ/kg
How to calcultae the heat?
The Net Change in Enthalpy will be:
= m ( h2 - h1 ) = 11.216 ( 1755.405 - 566.78 ) = 13331.618 kJ/kg
Work Done (Area Under PV curve) = 1/2 x (P1 + P2) x ( V1 - V2)
= 1/2 x ( 75 + 225) x (5 - 2)
W = 450 KJ
From the First Law of Thermodynamics, Q = U + W
So, Heat Transfer = Change in Internal Energy + Work Done
= 13331.618 + 450
Q = 13781.618 kJ/kg
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What dimensions are used when measuring the area of a building
Answer:According to NEC 220.12,
“the floor area shall be calculated from outside dimensions of the buildings, dwelling unit, or other area involved.
The area should not include open porches, garages or unused or unfinished spaces not adaptable for future use”.
pa brainliest plss..thankss
Explanati
Water enters a vertical jet with low velocity and a pressure of 350 kPa. What is the maximum height that the water can rise above the jet
The maximum height that the water can rise above the jet is: 35 meters.
Maximum height that the water can rise above the jetGiven:
P = 350 kPa = 350000 Pa
We would use pressure(p) formula to determine the maximum height that the water can rises above the jet by solving for h (height).
Using this formula
Pressure(P) = P₀ + ρgh
Where;
P₀ represent Pressure at the fluid's surface
ρ represent Density of the fluid = 1000 kg/m³
g represent acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s².
h represent height
Solving for h (height)
350000 = 0 + (1000 × 10 ×h)
350000 = 10000h
Divide both side by 10000h
h = 350000/10000
h = 35 meters
Therefore the maximum height that the water can rise above the jet is: 35 meters.
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True or false? if i were to hook up an ac voltage source to a resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor would be in phase with the current in the circuit.
Answer: True
Explanation:
It is possible to design a reactor where the scy conductor and the nitrogen/ammonia electrode operate at different temperatures. Which combination of temperatures is expected to give the best results?.
The combination of temperatures that is expected to give the best result is option A: SCY temperature higher than electrode temp.
Why the case above?The answer is option A because the proton conductivity of SCY is known to be one that often goes up along with increasing temperature, and the favorability of reaction goes down or reduces with total temperature.
Hence, It is said to be good for one to to keep the SCY conductor at a higher temperature and as such, The combination of temperatures that is expected to give the best result is option A: SCY temperature higher than electrode temp.
See options below
. Which combination of temperatures is expected to give the best results?
A.
SCY temperature higher than electrode temperature
B.
SCY temperature lower than electrode temperature
C.
SCY temperature the same as electrode temperature
D.
The temperature of the components does not make a difference.
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A cantilever beam has a length L and is loaded by a triangularly distributed load of maximum intensity q0 at B. (Solve this problem by integration the differential equations of the deflection curve. The beam has constant flexural rigidity E I.)
The Deflection due to Triangular load is 11q₀L⁴/120EI
What is deflection due to triangular load?The deflection due to the triangular load is usually given as:
σ₁ = 11q₀L⁴/120EI
Deflection due to reaction (R[tex]_{b}[/tex])(σ₂) =
R[tex]_{b}[/tex]L³/3EI
⇒ σ₁ = σ₂⇒ 11q₀L⁴/120EI
= R[tex]_{b}[/tex]L/3EI= R[tex]_{b}[/tex]
= 11q₀L/40
What is the significance of deflection in a beam?In terms of structural engineering, a beam or node moving from its initial location is referred to as deflection.
It occurs as a result of the loads and forces that are placed on the body.
Deflection, also known as displacement, can result from the weight of the body structure itself or from externally applied stresses.
What is the relevance of deflection due to triangular load?A structure's deflection must be taken into account during design, and the consequences of not doing so can be disastrous.
Deflections may be caused by various loads. These include, among others,
ground pressureearthquakeswind loadsshear loadspoint loadsevenly distributed loads and uniformly distributed loads.Learn more about similar solutions at;
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True or false? if i were to hook up an ac voltage source to a resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor would be in phase with the current in the circuit.
if a person were to hook up an ac voltage source to a resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor would be in phase with the current in the circuit and this is a true statement.
What is the role of a resistor in an AC circuit?A resistor is known to be a form of a passive tool that does not create or consume power.
Note that it often changes electrical energy into heat and as such, if a person were to hook up an ac voltage source to a resistor, the voltage drop across the resistor would be in phase with the current in the circuit and this is a true statement.
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A______solid-state relay is an electronic device that performs the same function as an electromechanical relay.
Answer: Non-programmable
Explanation:
A non-programmable solid-state relay is an electronic device that performs the same function as an electromechanical relay.
What is a solid-state relay?An SSR is an electrical switching device that turns on or off when an external voltage (AC or DC) is applied across its control terminals. They perform the same job as an electromechanical relay, but because they include no moving parts, they have a longer operational lifetime.
Solid-state relays are the semiconductor analogs of electromechanical relays and can thus control electrical loads. When energized, the solid-state relay is a fairly complex device with a simple purpose: to activate a single output load.
Therefore, a non-programmable solid-state relay is a type of electrical device that functions similarly to an electromechanical relay.
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What advanced safety features are now standard on 2023 Z?
The advanced safety features that are now standard on 2023 Z are:
The above is the short name or nickname for the All New 2023 Nissan Z coupe Sports car.
The care also features Advanced driver assist and safety technology which relieves the driver's everyday workload, allowing you to focus on what matters most.
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When performing a vertical analysis which income statement item do you use to determine the cost contribution for each expense category? (What is the denominator?)
Review Later
Net income
Sales
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Sales represent the income statement item used in verticla analyses in order to determine the cost contribution for each expense category (Option C).
What is a vertical analysis?In business, a vertical analysis represents a methodology used to examine financial statements that are ordered as specific points.
A vertical analysis analyzes numbers for only one period, conversely to the horizontal analyses that generally involve many different periods.
In conclusion, sales represent the income statement item used in verticla analyses in order to determine the cost contribution for each expense category (Option C).
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