For a team of scientists to claim that they have discovered a new experimental method for determining atomic mass, their claim is to be considered valid only if another team of scientists is able to replicate the results of the experiment.
In order for a scientific claim to be considered valid, it is important that the results of the experiment can be replicated by other researchers.
Replication means that other scientists should be able to obtain the same results using the same methods. This helps to ensure that the results are accurate and reliable, rather than being a fluke or an error.
Without the ability to replicate the results, it is difficult to have confidence in the validity of the claim, as it may be due to uncontrolled variables or other factors that cannot be reproduced. Ensuring that results are replicable is an important part of the scientific process and helps to build a strong foundation of knowledge.
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J.J Thomson's experiments provided what evidence about atoms?
a) atoms are the smallest particles of matter
b) atoms contain negatively charged particles
c) atoms have a negative charge
d) atoms have a positive charge
if a researcher wanted to temporarily denature a protein but wanted to be sure it would refold, which of the following methods or substances would be most appropriate
If a researcher wanted to the temporarily denature a protein but wanted to be sure it would refold, the method or the substances would be most appropriate is the urea.
The denature is defined as the process of the modification of the molecular structure of the protein. In this method it involves the breaking of the many weak linkage or the bonds in the protein molecules. It is responsible for highly ordered of the structure of the protein in the natural of state.
Thus, the urea is the appropriate substances , if the researcher wanted to the temporary denature the proteins.
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Determine the number of atoms of each element in the following:4P4O10
Answer:
16 P
40 O
Explanation:
You have 4 moles of P4O10
Therefore you multiply the subscript of each atom of the compound by 4.
There are 4 phosphorus atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have 4*4 atoms so 16
There are 10 oxygen atoms in 1 mole of P4O10 so in 4 moles you would have 4*10 so 40
how many liters of a 60% acid solution must be mixed with a 15% acid solution to get 360 L of a 50% acid solution
x + (360 - x) = 360 * 0.50
where x is the amount of the 60% acid solution.
Solving for x, we get: x = 360 * 0.50 - 360 x = 180
Therefore, you will need to mix 180 L of the 60% acid solution with 180 L of the 15% acid solution to get 360 L of a 50% acid solution.
What is acid?Acid is a substance that has a pH level of lower than 7.0 and is capable of corroding or dissolving other substances. It is usually found in aqueous solutions and is a highly reactive substance. Examples of acid include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. These are used in a variety of industries such as food production, industrial cleaning and chemical engineering.
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Rutherford's scattering experiment demonstrated Question 9 options: the existence of protons. the existence of electrons. the existence of neutrons. that most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus. that the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron is constant.
He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom from a small number of alpha particles deflected by huge angles with a 180.
Rutherford discovered that most positively charged alpha particles in his gold foil experiment passed straight through the foil without being deflected, leading him to believe that the majority of the atom's space is largely empty.
He came to the conclusion that mass and positive charge are concentrated at the center of the atom because there are few alpha particles that are deflected by huge angles with a 180. Rutherford Atomic Model - J. J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model was unable to account for some experimental findings related to the atomic structure of elements. British scientist Ernest Rutherford performed.
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what are the two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances?
The two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances are mass (m) and volume (V).
To calculate the unit factor, we need to divide the unit of the desired quantity by the unit of the given quantity. For example, to convert from mass to volume, the unit factor is V/m.
This unit factor can then be used to convert mass to volume or vice versa. Dimensional analysis helps us to determine the proper units for a given equation and to convert from one unit to another.
It also allows us to compare different units of measurement and to check that the units in both sides of an equation match. This is especially useful in chemical calculations, where it is important to ensure the correct units are used.
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The two elements that are frequently used for making transistors are
A. boron and aluminium
B. silicon and germanium
C. iridium and tungsten
D. niobium and columbium
The two elements that are frequently used for making transistors are niobium and columbium.
What is an element?It is defined as a substance which cannot be broken down further into any other substance. Each element is made up of its own type of atom. Due to this reason all elements are different from one another.
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. Metals are shiny and conduct electricity and are all solids at room temperature except mercury. Non-metals do not conduct electricity and are mostly gases at room temperature except carbon and sulfur.
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Suppose 114 mg of an unknown protein is dissolved in enough solvent to make 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of this solution is measured to be 0.0761 atm at 25.0 degrees Celsius. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
The pressure difference required to stop solvent from flowing through a semipermeable membrane is known as the osmotic pressure of a solution.
The molar concentration of the solute particles in solution directly relates to the osmotic pressure of a solution. Because a solution has a higher concentration of a solute than pure water does, water from pure water wants to diffuse or go by osmosis to the solution. Therefore, the osmotic pressure of a solution is always greater than that of pure water or solvent because it is necessary to prevent water from entering the solution. A semipermeable membrane can no longer pass water through it due to osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure formula can be used to determine this pressure, which in turn inhibits osmosis from taking place.
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Which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
A) 1, 4, and 6
B) 2, 7, and 8
C) 7, 8, and 13
D) 11, 12, and 13
E) 12, 13, and 15
B) 2, 7, and 8 of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides.
Are polypeptides' building components proteins?You may think of it as several flavors that come together to form lengthy chains that we refer to as polypeptides, which are the fundamental components of proteins.
What types of bonds do polypeptides contain?Peptide bonds bind the amino acids together in polypeptides. The interaction between the -carboxyl and -amino groups of two amino acids results in the formation of a dipeptide.
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Calculate the molarity of a solution of HNO3 if 15.72 mL of the solution neutralize 28.2 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 solution
The molarity of a solution of HNO3 if 15.72 mL of the solution neutralize 28.2 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 solution is 0.89 x 10^-4M
Given the volume of HNO3(V1) = 15.72mL
The volume of H2SO4 (V2) = 28.2mL
concentration of H2SO4 (M2) = 0.100M
Concentration of HNO3 = M1
We know that c = n/v where n is the number of moles.
The moles of H2SO4 (n2) = V2 X M2/1000
n2 = 28.2 x 0.100 /1000 = 28. 2 x 10^-4
From the reaction: H2SO4 + HNO3 -> NO2+ + HSO4- +H2O
We can see from the equation that the number of moles of HNO3 must be half that number, so: n1 = 28. 2 x 10^-4 /2 = 14.1 x 10^-4
M1 = 14.1 x 10^-4/15.72 = 0.89 x 10^-4M
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Antarctica contains 26. 8 million cubic kilometers of ice. Assume that the average temperature of this ice during the summer months is20 ∘C If all of this were heated to 4 ∘C and melted to form water, what volume of liquid water would form?
Volume of liquid water would be approximately 24 million km³.
Volume(V) of ice at 20° is;
Vi = 26.8×10⁶ km³
Density is depend upon the mass and volume
∴ p =m/v
where; p = Density
m = Mass
v = Volume
Density of ice p(i) = 0.92g /cm³
Density of water at 4°C is;
p(w) = 1g/cm³
If ice is melt then,
mass(m) of water = mass(m) of ice
p(w) = p(i)
V = p(i)/p(w)
0.92g / cm³/1g/cm³×26.8×10⁶ km³
24.5 ˣ 10⁶ km³
≈24 million km³
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Iron undergoes a synthesis reaction to form Iron (III) Oxide when it is heated in air.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. [2]
4 Fe(s) + 3 02(g) - 2 Fez03(s)
(Complete)
What amount of iron reacts with 15 mol of oxygen? [3]
What amount of iron (III) oxide is produced? [3]
If 4.60 g of iron (III) oxide is produced, what mass of iron is reacted? [3]
Ferric oxide, is the product that is formed when iron undergoes oxidation
What is the Reaction?Upon reacting with oxygen, iron will be oxidized to either the +3 oxidation state in iron (III) oxide, or to a combination of the +2 and +3 oxidation states in iron (II, III) oxide.The balanced chemical equations for these reactions look like this
#4”Fe”_text((s]) + 3”O”_text(2(g]) -> 2”Fe”””_2”O”_text(3(s])#
And
#3”Fe”_text((s]) + 2”O”_text(2(g]) -> “Fe”””_3”O”_text(4(s])#
The first compound, iron (III) oxide, also called ferric oxide, is dark red/brown in color
While the second compound, iron (II, III) oxide, also called ferrous ferric oxide, is dark brown/black in color.The [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ion is colorless (or pale pink), but many solutions containing this ion are yellow or amber-colored because of hydrolysis.
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What is the name of most reactive non-metal element on the periodic table?
The name of most reactive non-metal element on the periodic table is fluorine
Fluorine is the nonmetal in the periodic table that is the most reactive.
On the Pauling scale, it has the highest electronegativity of any element (3.98). Fluorine is a highly reactive, diatomic gas that may mix with practically every other element to form compounds that have entirely different properties from either of the original components. The boiling point of fluorine is -188 °C (-310 °F).
Hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride gas are produced during the reaction with water: HF + H₂O ⇒H⁺ + HF + OH.
Chemical elements are shown on a periodic table in order of their atomic number. The classification of elements and their relationships to one another can be understood using the periodic table.
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Part A
Which of the following best describes the side chain of arginine at a pH of 11?
nonpolar
uncharged but polar
charged and polar
aprotic
hydrophobic
Charged and polar is incorrect. My textbook says the pKa of the sidechain is 12.48. Can you please explain what the correct answer is?
At a pH of 11, the side chain of arginine would be positively charged (NH3+) and polar.
This is because the pKa of the guanidine group (NH2) in the side chain of arginine is 12.48, which means that at a pH greater than 12.48, the guanidine group will be protonated and carry a positive charge. Since the nitrogen atom in the guanidine group is also surrounded by hydrogen atoms, the side chain is polar.
Key points:
The side chain of arginine is a guanidine group (NH2).The pKa of the guanidine group is 12.48, which means that at a pH greater than 12.48, the guanidine group will be protonated (NH3+).When protonated, the guanidine group carries a positive charge.The nitrogen atom in the guanidine group is surrounded by hydrogen atoms, which makes the side chain polar in nature.Learn more about arginine here:
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How many moles is 1.5 x10 20?
2.49 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] moles is equal to 1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]. The number of moles is equal to the number of molecules divided by Avogadro's number, 6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex].
This means that 1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]moles are equal to
1.5×[tex]10^{20}[/tex]/6.022×[tex]10^{23}[/tex]
0.24908×[tex]10^{-3}[/tex]
2.49 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] moles.
Avogadro's number: Avogadro's number is a constant used in chemistry to represent the number of atoms or molecules in a mole of a substance. It is equal to 6.022 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]. Or we can say that Avogadro's number is, the number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214076 × 1023. The units may be electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the substance and the character of the reaction.
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A student places a sample of a pure metal in a crucible and heats it strongly in air. Data from the experiment are given in the table above. The final mass was determined after the sample was cooled to room temperature. Which of the following statements related to the experiment is correct? (See attached table)
a.) The mass of the sample decreased, so physical changes occurred as the metal first melted and then boiled out of the crucible.
b.) The mass of the sample increased, so a chemical change occurred when bonds formed between the metal and another substance.
c.) There was nothing for the metal to react with, so only a physical change could have occurred.
d.) The sample was only heated, so neither a physical nor a chemical change occurred.
The correct answer is option A. The mass of the sample decreased, so physical changes occurred as the metal first melted and then boiled out of the crucible. The decrease in mass is a result of the metal melting and then vaporizing as it is heated.
What is physical changes?Physical changes refer to changes in the physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include melting, freezing, condensation, vaporization, sublimation, and physical state changes. Physical changes occur when a substance changes from one state of matter to another without a chemical reaction taking place.
This is an example of a physical change, as the material is changed from a solid to a liquid and then to a gas, but its chemical composition remains the same.
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What mass of copper(II) sulfate would remain
after removing all the water from 55 g of
CuSO4 · 5 H2O?
Answer in units of g.
According to the concept of molar mass and stoichiometry, the mass of copper(II) sulfate that would remain after removing all the water from 55 g of CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O is 35.18 g.
What is molar mass?Molar mass of a compound or a molecule is defined as the mass of the elements which are present in it.The molar mass is considered to be a bulk quantity not a molecular quantity. It is often an average of the of the masses at many instances.
Molar masses of an element are given as relative atomic masses while that of compounds is the sum of relative atomic masses which are present in the compound.
In copper(II) sulfate , 249.68 g of copper (II) sulfate has 90 g water, thus 55 g of copper (II) sulfate will have 55×90/249.68=19.82 g water, so mass of copper sulfate= 55-19.82=35.18 g copper(II) sulfate.
Thus,35.18 g copper(II) sulfate would remain after removing all the water from 55 g of CuSO₄ · 5 H₂O.
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What are two characteristics of the rock found 3 mya?
To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to rock and its characteristics. Therefore, the two characteristics of the rock can be given as below.
What is rock?The word rock relates to the material's bulk volume, which includes the grain or crystals in addition to the enclosed vacuum space.
The two characteristics of the rock are:
Some minerals exhibit color features related to mineral composition and atom arrangement: for example, magnetite is black, chlorite is green, and pyrite is brassy yellow.
The capacity of a mineral to resist scratching is used to estimate its hardness, which is generally determined on fresh material. When a mineral is scraped with a knife, it softens. If a knife cannot scratch it, the two have equivalent hardness or even the mineral is harder.
Therefore, the two characteristics of the rock can be given as above.
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An ideal gas (which is is a hypothetical gas that conforms to the laws governing gas behavior) confined to a container with a massless piston at the top. (Figure 2) A massless wire is attached to the piston. When an external pressure of 2.00 atm is applied to the wire, the gas compresses from 6.40 to 3.20 L . When the external pressure is increased to 2.50 atm , the gas further compresses from 3.20 to 2.56 L .
In a separate experiment with the same initial conditions, a pressure of 2.50 atm was applied to the ideal gas, decreasing its volume from 6.40 to 2.56 L in one step.
If the final temperature was the same for both processes, what is the difference between q for the two-step process and q for the one-step process in joules?
Answer: -162,120J
Explanation:
Okay, so q stands for work, given by the formula q = -P∆V,
For the first round, we have 2atm (for P) and a volume change of 3.2 (6.4-3.2) for the first experiment.
Find the work: q = -2 • (3.2 - 6.4) = 6.4L/atm
For the second experiment, it is now 2.5atm, with the change in volume going from 3.2 to 2.56.
So, work is q = -2.5(2.5 - 3.20) = 1.6L/atm
Add the total work: 1.6 + 6.4 = 8L/atm
To find the Joules per L/atm, recall that a mol of gas in K is 8.31447J, while the gas constant where a liter of gas per mol in K is 0.08206L/atmK. Divide these two values, which leaves us with 101,325J
So, for the first round, multiply 8 x 101,325, which leaves us with 810,600J.
Second round: The pressure is 2.5atm, with the volume change from 6.40 to 2.56
Solve for work: q = -2.5(2.56-6.4) = 9.6L/atm
Multiply with the Joule unit found earlier: 9.6 x 101,325 = 972,720J.
To find the difference, subtract the value of the single-step process (second round) from the first round (multistep)
810600 - 972720 = -162,120J. Therefore, it takes more heat to do the single step than the multistep process.
Base your answer to the following question on the elements below. (A) Boron (B) Rubidium (C) Nitrogen (D) Mercury A highly reactive element A) A B) B C) C D) D
B) Rubidium is a highly reactive element.
Rubidium is a highly reactive element due to its low ionization energy, which makes it easily lose electrons and form compounds. It is considered to be one of the most reactive alkali metals.
When it comes into contact with water or air making rubidium is highly flammable. It can ignite spontaneously in the air and reacts violently with water to produce rubidium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Being noticeably more reactive than potassium but less so than cesium, it is likely to react with substances that are dangerous with sodium or potassium more forcefully. When rubidium is exposed to air or dry oxygen, it ignites, mostly generating oxide.
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According to the stoichiometry of the given chemical equation,2.66 moles of aluminium oxide are formed when 4 moles of oxygen reacts.
What is stoichiometry?It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.
Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.
As 3 moles of oxygen gives 2 moles of aluminium oxide, thus, 4 moles of oxygen will give 4×2/3=2.66 moles.
Thus, 2.66 moles of aluminium oxide are formed when 4 moles of oxygen reacts.
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Rusting as a redox reaction in details
The reactant is iron (Fe) and the oxidizing agent is oxygen (O). This reaction results in the the formation of a compound known as iron oxide (Fe2O3), which is commonly referred to as rust. The reaction can be written as:
Fe + O2 --> Fe2O3
The oxidation process involves the loss of electrons from the Fe atoms, as oxygen gains electrons and is reduced. The electrons are transferred from the iron to the oxygen, resulting in the formation of iron oxide, which is an insoluble solid.
An oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction, is a reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons between chemical species (the atoms, ions, or molecules involved in the reaction).
The reaction can be written as: [tex]\bold{Fe + O2 \Rightarrow Fe_2O_3}[/tex]
the data in the table show the amount of 500 g sample of sodium-24 over time. make a graph of the data (remember to label all axes and title the graph)
The amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.
What is sodium?Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na on the periodic table. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metal group of chemical elements.
The graph below shows the amount of 500 g sample of sodium-24 over time. The x-axis of the graph represents time (in hours), and the y-axis represents the amount of sodium-24 (in grams). The title of the graph is "Amount of sodium-24 in 500 g Sample Over Time".
The graph shows that the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases over time. After 24 hours, the amount of sodium-24 in the sample decreases to approximately 375 g. After 48 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 250 g. After 72 hours, the amount of sodium-24 decreases to approximately 125 g.
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The statement "atoms have a small, dense nucleus" is true. What evidence do scientists use to prove this statement as true?
Most alpha particles shot at gold foil go straight through, without any changes in their direction.
The particles ejected in Thomson's experiment bent away from the negatively charged plates, but toward positively charged plates.
A few alpha particles shot at gold foil bounce in the opposite direction
No matter which element Thomson put in a cathode ray tube, the smae negative particles wit the same properties (such as charge and mass) were ejectected.
In the gold foil experiment, alpha particles shot at gold foil bounced in the opposite direction from a gold foil which indicated atoms have a small, dense nucleus.
What is the gold foil experiment?Rutherford’s α-particle scattering or gold foil experiment changed our perception of the atomic structure of an atom. Rutherford bombarded beams of α-particles at thin gold foil and observed how the α-particles scattered from the gold foil.
Rutherford showed that the atom has the most empty space with the nucleus at the center and electrons rotating around the atomic nucleus. Highly charged α-particles passed straight undeflected through the foil. This will be the expected result if the plum pudding model of Thomson was correct.
A few charged alpha particles were deflected backward direction leading to the positive charge concentrated in a small space.
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How does glycolysis make 32 ATP?
Both anaerobic and aerobic conditions can result in glycolysis. Pyruvate joins the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions and proceeds through oxidative phosphorylation, which results in the net synthesis of 32 ATP molecules.
What is an example of anaerobic activity?Anaerobic exercises require small bursts of energy and are finished rapidly while exerting maximum effort. Examples include jumping, jogging, and hard weightlifting. Your breathing and heart rate alter as you engage in aerobic vs anaerobic activities. During aerobic workouts, oxygen is your major source of energy.
What exactly does it mean to be anaerobic?Anaerobic means "without oxygen," whereas aerobic indicates the existence of oxygen. Both are important for your overall health since they put your body through different difficulties. Anaerobic exercise consists of short bursts of high-intensity activity that do not demand your body to consume oxygen as it would during cardio (or aerobic) exercise.
Here,
Glycolysis can occur under both anaerobic and aerobic settings. Under aerobic circumstances, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and goes through oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in the net production of 32 ATP molecules.
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A compound is composed of carbon and hydrogen and has an empirical
formula of CH. The molar mass of the compound is experimentally
determined to be 78.12 g/mol. What is the molecular formula for the
compound?
The supplied statement indicates that the compound's molecular formula is (CH)ₙ = CH₆ = C₆H₆
What is the purpose of hydrogen?Fuel cells may produce energy, power, and heat using hydrogen. The two industries where hydrogen is now most widely employed are urea manufacturing and petroleum refining, with the developing markets of utilities and transportation.
Briefing:The lowest half figure ratio of a compound is revealed by the empirical formula for that molecule.
Empirical weight formula: 12 + 1 Equals 13.
Molecular weight = 78
n = Molecular weight/Empirical formula weight
n = 78.12/13
n = 6.00
Molecular formula = (CH)ₙ = CH₆ = C₆H₆
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What room in a house is similar to the chloroplasts in a cell
Before we use our imaginations to try and think of a fitting room, let's take a look at what a chloroplast is.
A chloroplast is the organelle in plant-based cells responsible for energy production. Through photosynthesis (you've probably heard of this before!), they use sunlight to create energy for the plant to function.
Since the chloroplast is the energy-maker for the cell, we need to imagine a room in a house that does something like this. There's a couple things that come to my mind. Firstly, although they don't really count as rooms, something like solar panels would probably make the most sense here. Since the answer asks for a room, though, solar panels don't work.
Maybe a kitchen? The kitchen is the room where food is created, supplying energy to all the inhabitants of a house.
I hope this helped! Learning about the components of cells is a little complicated at the start, but it's definitely a very exciting topic that only gets more and more interesting the deeper you delve into it.
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A compound is found to contain 59.94 % carbon, 13.44 % hydrogen, and 26.62 % oxygen by mass. What is the empirical formula for this compound
The empirical formula for this compound containing 59.94 % carbon, 13.44 % hydrogen, and 26.62 % oxygen by mass is C3H8CO.
Given the % of carbon = 59.94%
The % of hydrogen = 13.44%
The % of oxygen = 26.62%
If a percentage is provided, we will assume that the entire mass is 100 grams. As a result, each element's mass is equal to the percentage indicated. Then
the mass of carbon (m1) = 59.94g
The mass of hydrogen (m2) = 13.44g
The mass of oxygen (m3) = 26.62g
We know the molar mass of C = 12 g/mole
The Molar mass of H = 1 g/mole
The Molar mass of O = 16 g/mole
The moles of carbon = 59.94/12 = 4.995
The moles of hydrogen = 13.44/1 = 13.44
The moles of oxygen = 26.62/16 = 1.664
Divide each mole value by the lowest computed mole number to get the mole ratio.
For C = 4.995/1.664 = 3 , For H = 13.44/1.664 = 8 and For O = 1.664/1.664 = 1. Then the empirical formula = C3H8CO
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How the structure of molecule affects physical properties?
The structure of a molecule affects its physical properties because the arrangement of the atoms in the molecule determines the type of forces that interact between molecules.
And that forces affect how the molecules move and interact with each other. This, in turn, affects the physical properties of the molecule, such as its melting point, boiling point, polarity, and solubility.
For example, when a molecule has a higher number of non-polar bonds due to symmetrical structures, it will be less polar overall and have fewer attractive forces acting between molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point and lower solubility.
On the other hand, a molecule with a higher number of polar bonds due to asymmetrical structures will be more polar overall, leading to stronger attractive forces acting between molecules, resulting in a lower boiling point and higher solubility.
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What is the volume of water in the graduated cylinder?