A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a(n):

Social engineering is a technique used by attackers to manipulate people into divulging confidential information or performing actions that may compromise the security of a system.

Attackers may use a variety of social engineering tactics, such as phishing, pretexting, baiting, and tailgating, to trick employees or individuals into providing sensitive information or granting access to secure systems. Phishing involves sending fraudulent emails or messages that appear to be from a legitimate source, such as a bank or a company, to trick the recipient into providing sensitive information like login credentials or credit card numbers. Pretexting involves creating a fictitious scenario to trick individuals into divulging information. Baiting involves leaving an enticing item or a malware-infected device in a public place, like a USB drive or a CD, to lure people into using it and infecting their system with malware. Tailgating involves following an authorized person into a restricted area by closely following them or by pretending to be with them.

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The Affective or Evaluative Conditioning theory states that people tend to like other people they associate with positive stimuli and dislike people they associate with negative stimuli.

Stimuli refer to any kind of physical or environmental changes that trigger a response or reaction from an organism, whether it be a plant, animal or human being. These changes can be anything from a change in temperature or light intensity to a sound or smell. The response to stimuli can be a behavioral, physiological, or cognitive change in the organism, and can be either positive or negative.

Stimuli are processed by the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting information from the sensory organs to the brain, where it is analyzed and interpreted. This interpretation of the stimuli determines the organism's response, which can range from a reflexive response to a more complex, learned behavior. Stimuli play a crucial role in the development and survival of organisms.

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Language allows cumulative human experience, provides social or shared past, and provides social or shared future. Therefore the correct option is D: All of the above.

Language is a means of communication that allows for the sharing and transmission of knowledge, ideas, and experiences across generations. It allows for the accumulation of human experience, as individuals can build upon the knowledge and achievements of those who came before them. It enables individuals to share knowledge and learn from others' experiences.

It also provides a social or shared past, as language helps us to communicate and record historical events, building a collective understanding of our history. Furthermore, it provides a social or shared future, as language allows us to make plans, collaborate, and work together toward common goals.

Overall, language is crucial for communication, learning, and fostering a sense of belonging within a community. Hence, the correct answer is option D: All of the above.

Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Language: A) Allows cumulative Human Experience  B) Provides social or shared past C) Provides social or shared future D) All of the above.

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The psychological condition that is likely to have led to David's behavior is deindiv-iduation.

Deindiv-iduation is the perceived lack of individuality and private obligation which can arise while a person participates as a part of a collection. It can motive someone to be much more likely to donate a huge amount of cash to charity, however additionally motive them to be much more likely to interact in mob viole-nce. Deindividuation happens while someone's identification with a collection overrides their personal identification and self-awareness. It can cause a mob mental-ity, due to the fact deindividuation has a tendency to save you crucial wondering and dissent.

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Lack of background checks, poor internal discipline procedures, and poor supervision are all examples of organizational explanations for police deviance. Organizational explanations focus on the role of police agencies and their internal systems in contributing to deviant behaviors among officers.

Background checks are essential in ensuring that individuals with a history of misconduct or unsuitable traits are not hired as police officers. When these checks are inadequate, it increases the likelihood of hiring officers who may engage in deviant behavior.

Poor internal discipline procedures refer to the lack of effective mechanisms for identifying, reporting, and addressing deviant behavior within a police agency. Inadequate disciplinary measures can contribute to a culture of impunity, where officers feel they can engage in misconduct without facing consequences.

Lastly, poor supervision encompasses the lack of proper guidance and oversight by superior officers. Without effective supervision, police officers may be more prone to engage in deviant behaviors due to the absence of accountability and the perception that misconduct will go unnoticed.

In summary, organizational explanations for police deviance emphasize the importance of proper hiring processes, internal disciplinary systems, and effective supervision in preventing and addressing misconduct within police agencies.

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In a study with pigeons conducted by Jenkins and Harrison (1962), three types of conditioning schedule led to three different generalization gradients. This demonstrates the role of the reinforcer variety in shaping the generalization gradient, option C.

A graph showing how two stimuli's similarities or differences compare to how those stimuli's reactions compare or differ. An inhibitory gradient (or inhibition gradient) graphs a reduced propensity, whereas an excitatory gradient (or excitation gradient) graphs an increased tendency to respond to a stimulus and to additional stimuli that resemble it. In general, the similarities between two stimuli and the reactions increase. view stimulus generalisation as well.

The term "generalisation gradient" refers to a visual representation of the intensity of a response to stimuli that are comparable to the SD and range along a continuum.

The progressive weakening of a conditioned response as the similarity between the first stimulus and additional stimuli grows is known as a generalisation gradient in psychology. Simply put, the likelihood that the learnt response will generalise to a new stimulus increases with how similar it is to the original stimulus.

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Complete question:

In a study with pigeons conducted by Jenkins and Harrison (1962), three types of conditioning schedule led to three different generalization gradients. This demonstrates the role of ___ in shaping the generalization gradient.

innate capacities

  experience

  the reinforcer variety

  sensory deprivation

One of the best ways to maintain attention when dealing with a speaker's complex message involves organizing information. According to your text, this is also known as note-taking.

Note-taking is the process of organizing information presented in a lecture or other form of oral communication. It involves listening carefully to the speaker, identifying key points, and recording them in a structured and organized way. Effective note-taking can help listeners stay engaged and focused, as well as facilitate the recall and retention of important information. There are many different note-taking strategies, including outlining, mapping, and summarizing. Choosing the most appropriate strategy depends on the individual listener's preferences and the nature of the information being presented. Overall, note-taking is a valuable skill that can help listeners become more effective learners and communicators.

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Tasha is exhibiting symptoms of a potential eating disorder called bulimia nervosa.

This involves episodes of binge eating where large amounts of food are consumed in a short period of time, followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging or using laxatives to rid the body of the excess calories.

                        It is important for Tasha to seek professional help to address her eating behaviors and any underlying emotional or psychological factors contributing to her disorder.
                                     Tasha is exhibiting symptoms of bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by episodes of binge eating (consuming large amounts of food while feeling out of control) followed by compensatory behaviors, such as using laxatives, to prevent weight gain.

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The type of paraphiliac that you would be most likely to experience in a crowded elevator, bus, or subway would be a frotteurist.

Frotteurism is a type of paraphilia where individuals derive sexual pleasure from rubbing against non-consenting individuals in crowded public places. This behavior is often covert and the individual may try to hide their actions from others. It is important to note that frotteurism is a criminal act and can lead to legal consequences.

Exhibitionism is another type of paraphilia where individuals derive sexual pleasure from exposing themselves to others.This behavior is not typically seen in crowded public places as it requires the individual to be visible to others.

Transvestism is a paraphilia where individuals derive sexual pleasure from dressing in clothing typically worn by the opposite sex. This behavior is not typically seen in crowded public places as it requires the individual to be dressed in clothing not typically worn in public.Urophilia, also known as urolagnia, is a paraphilia where individuals derive sexual pleasure from urine. This behavior is not typically seen in crowded public places as it requires the individual to have access to urine.

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The speaking pattern of the person's voice is an example of Disfluency.

The speaking pattern of the person's voice that Cora encountered on the phone call is an example of poor communication skills. The person on the other end of the line appeared to be distracted and gave long pauses while communicating with Cora.

This type of speaking pattern could be due to a lack of training or experience in customer service, or perhaps the person was simply having a bad day.

When communicating with customers, it is essential to have good communication skills to build trust, provide accurate information, and meet their needs effectively. Poor communication skills can lead to misunderstandings, frustration, and a negative customer experience.

Effective communication skills include active listening, clear and concise language, asking questions to clarify information, and providing helpful solutions. These skills are especially crucial in customer service roles, where customers often seek solutions to their problems.

In conclusion, the speaking pattern of the person on the other end of the line that Cora encountered is an example of poor communication skills. It is essential to have effective communication skills to provide excellent customer service and meet customer needs.

Training and experience in customer service can help individuals develop these skills and provide a positive customer experience.

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Several factors can influence a child's temperament.

Firstly, genetics play a role in determining a child's temperament. Research has shown that certain traits, such as shyness or emotional reactivity, may be inherited from parents. Secondly, the environment in which a child grows up can also impact their temperament. Factors such as parenting style, cultural influences, and early life experiences can shape a child's personality and behavior. Thirdly, neurological and physiological factors can influence a child's temperament. For example, differences in brain chemistry and functioning can impact a child's level of arousal, emotional reactivity, and sensitivity to stimuli. Lastly, social interactions with peers and adults can also play a role in shaping a child's temperament. Positive social experiences can help to build social skills and emotional regulation, while negative experiences can lead to anxiety, aggression, and other challenging behaviors. While temperament is thought to be relatively stable over time, it can be influenced and shaped by a variety of factors, including those mentioned above. Understanding the factors that influence a child's temperament can help parents and caregivers to support their child's development and provide appropriate guidance and support.

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Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Carl Jung were all neo-Freudians. Neo-Freudians were a group of psychologists who were influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud but also developed their own unique theories.

These theorists believed that unconscious processes and childhood experiences played a significant role in shaping personality, but they also emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors in personality development. In contrast to Freud, neo-Freudians placed more emphasis on interpersonal relationships and social experiences in shaping personality. They built upon and modified Freud's theories while still acknowledging the influence of the unconscious mind and early experiences on personality development.

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Prejudice is to discrimination as thought is to action.  Discrimination, on the other hand, involves acting on those negative attitudes by treating individuals or groups unfairly or unequally.

Prejudice is to discrimination as thought is to action. Prejudice refers to the preconceived notion or feeling about someone based on their perceived group membership. Similarly, thought is a preconceived idea or notion about something, which may or may not lead to action. Discrimination, on the other hand, refers to the behavior or actions towards someone based on their group membership, which may be influenced by prejudice. In the same way, action is the behavior or conduct towards something, which may or may not be influenced by the preconceived notion or thought. Therefore, prejudice is to discrimination as thought is to action.

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The process by which some of the liberties in the Bill of Rights were considered separately as a possible limit on the states is known as "selective incorporation."

Selective incorporation is a legal doctrine by which certain provisions of the Bill of Rights are applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.

This approach allows the Supreme Court to consider individual liberties separately, determining whether they should be considered fundamental rights that limit the power of state governments.

As a result, certain rights in the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and the right to a fair trial, have been extended to the states, ensuring that these essential liberties are protected at all levels of government.

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Non-military USG agencies and departments operate at the strategic level in Washington, DC, and at the operational and tactical level in the field.

These agencies play a vital role in various aspects of national security, diplomacy, and international relations, working alongside military organizations to achieve common objectives.

At the strategic level, non-military USG agencies are responsible for formulating policies, planning, and providing guidance on matters concerning their respective areas of expertise. This may include areas such as intelligence gathering, law enforcement, economic development, and humanitarian assistance. These agencies work in close coordination with each other, as well as with military counterparts, to develop comprehensive strategies that promote the overall interests of the United States.

In the field, non-military USG agencies operate at both the operational and tactical levels, implementing the policies and plans developed in Washington, DC. At the operational level, they may oversee programs and projects, allocate resources, and coordinate with local authorities and partner nations. At the tactical level, they may conduct specific missions or activities, such as providing training, technical assistance, or direct support to local populations and partner forces.

Examples of non-military USG agencies include the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), among others. These agencies work in tandem with the military to ensure a cohesive and coordinated approach to addressing global challenges and advancing U.S. national interests.

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Being able to accurately recall a tone for a split second after the tone has stopped demonstrates the functioning of the sensory memory, specifically the echoic memory. Sensory memory is a brief, temporary storage system that holds information received from our senses. Echoic memory, a sub-type of sensory memory, is responsible for processing and storing auditory information.

When a tone is presented, the echoic memory captures and retains the sound for a very short duration, typically around 3-4 seconds. This brief retention enables us to recall the tone accurately, even for a split second after it has stopped playing. The purpose of echoic memory is to provide a buffer for auditory stimuli, allowing us to process and make sense of the information we hear.

It is important to note that echoic memory is different from short-term and long-term memory, as it only retains information for a brief period and does not involve conscious awareness. However, if the information in echoic memory is attended to and deemed significant, it can be transferred to short-term memory for further processing, and eventually, to long-term memory for more permanent storage.

In summary, accurately recalling a tone for a split second after it has stopped demonstrates the functioning of echoic memory, which is a type of sensory memory responsible for processing and storing auditory information.

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While the outcome of Marshall's self-experimentation was undoubtedly significant, it is important for medical professionals to adhere to established ethical guidelines when conducting research involving human subjects.

The decision by Dr. Barry Marshall to use himself as a test subject and swallow a sample of Helicobacter pylori was controversial at the time and continues to generate debate among medical professionals and ethicists.

On one hand, Marshall's self-experimentation led to a breakthrough in medical science, as he was able to prove that the bacterium was the cause of stomach ulcers, overturning decades of medical dogma. This discovery has had significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of stomach ulcers, and has helped countless patients worldwide.

On the other hand, the use of human subjects in medical experiments is subject to strict ethical guidelines, and Marshall's decision to use himself as a test subject without formal approval from an institutional review board raises ethical concerns. In addition, the potential risks associated with the experiment were not fully known at the time, and it is possible that Marshall could have suffered serious harm as a result of his actions.

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The question that considers whether a method is morally objectionable in evaluating a solution to the democratic conflict is Is this solution ethical?

It is important to consider this question to ensure that the proposed solution aligns with moral and ethical principles. Any solution that violates these principles may not be sustainable in the long run and may lead to further conflict. It is essential to carefully evaluate each solution to ensure that it meets ethical standards, particularly in cases where the stakes are high. In conclusion, when evaluating a solution to democratic conflict, it is critical to consider whether the proposed method is ethical and morally acceptable.

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Motivational interviewing is a psychotherapy technique used for treating problem drinking, and this technique has the advantage of collaborative nature.

Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach that is commonly used in the treatment of problem drinking. It is a client-centered approach that is designed to help individuals explore their ambivalence and motivations to change their drinking behaviors. One of the key advantages of motivational interviewing is its collaborative nature, which means that the therapist and client work together to identify goals and develop strategies to achieve them. This approach is based on the assumption that the individual is the expert on their own life and that they have the capacity to change their behavior if they are properly motivated.

Another advantage of motivational interviewing is that it is a non-confrontational approach that focuses on empathy and understanding rather than criticism or judgment. This approach is particularly effective for individuals who may be resistant to traditional forms of therapy, as it does not rely on a confrontational or authoritarian approach.

Overall, motivational interviewing is a highly effective technique for treating problem drinking. It offers a collaborative, non-confrontational approach that focuses on the individual's motivations and goals. With its proven efficacy and broad applicability, it is a valuable tool for therapists and counselors working with individuals struggling with alcohol use disorders.

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Getting lunch at the cafeteria in this case is a descriptive norm. Descriptive norms refer to what people commonly do in a particular situation, such as how they behave, what they wear, or what they eat.

These norms are based on observation and perception rather than on explicit rules or expectations. In this scenario, Juanita observed that her coworkers commonly get their lunch from the cafeteria, which creates a descriptive norm. By bringing her own lunch, Juanita deviates from the descriptive norm, but her coworkers don't seem to judge her for it.

This suggests that the descriptive norm in this situation is relatively flexible and tolerant of alternative behaviors.

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Previous violence is the best predictor of future violence, followed by psychological disorders(B).

While the use of alcohol or drugs can contribute to violent behavior, research has consistently shown that a history of violence is the strongest predictor of future violence. This is because violence often becomes a learned behavior that is repeated over time.

Psychological disorders can also increase the risk of violent behavior, particularly if the disorder is not effectively managed through treatment. It is important to note that many people with psychological disorders or substance use issues do not become violent, and that violence is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors.

Therefore, it is important to approach the assessment of violence risk in a comprehensive and individualized manner. So, the correct option is B.

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The term for the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person is "stranger anxiety".

Stranger anxiety is a common and normal developmental stage that occurs in infants between 6 to 12 months of age. During this stage, infants may become wary, anxious, or fearful of unfamiliar people, including family members or friends they do not see often. This reaction is a sign of healthy attachment to their primary caregivers and a natural response to protect themselves from potential harm. Stranger anxiety is a typical developmental milestone in a child's cognitive and emotional growth. It usually occurs around the age of 6 to 9 months and can last until around 18 months. This behavior is a natural response to unfamiliarity and helps protect the infant from potential threats.

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Education that has as a goal that students from minority cultures will develop competence in the majority culture while maintaining a positive ethnic identity is known as multicultural education. This approach recognizes that students from diverse backgrounds may have different learning styles, values, and traditions, and that their cultural identities should be celebrated rather than ignored or suppressed.

Multicultural education aims to promote equity and social justice by challenging stereotypes and promoting cultural understanding and respect.

In practical terms, multicultural education involves designing curricula and teaching methods that reflect the cultural diversity of the student body, incorporating culturally relevant materials and perspectives, and creating an inclusive and welcoming learning environment.

It also involves building partnerships between schools, families, and communities to support the academic and social success of all students. By fostering cultural competence and pride, multicultural education can help students from minority cultures achieve academic success and become active and engaged members of their communities.

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The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's visual preference.

By recording the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object, the researcher is able to determine which objects or stimuli catch the baby's attention more than others. This is an indication of the baby's visual preference, or what they find visually interesting or stimulating. Through this method, researchers can gain insights into infants' perceptual abilities and developmental progress. By measuring visual preferences, researchers can also identify potential vision or cognitive impairments early on, which can aid in early intervention and treatment. Overall, measuring visual preferences in infants is an important tool in understanding their early cognitive and perceptual development.

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The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington D.C. that conducts research and provides information on a wide range of topics including public opinion, social issues, and demographic trends.

The report mentioned in the previous question was published as part of the center's ongoing research on generational differences and attitudes.

It surveyed over 2,000 adults in the United States to examine the views and characteristics of Millennials, a term used to refer to those born between 1981 and 1996.

The report found that Millennials were more ethnically and racially diverse, more digitally connected, and more socially liberal than previous generations.

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Vanessa's response best illustrates the concept of coping mechanisms. Coping mechanisms refer to the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that individuals use to manage stress and deal with difficult situations.

In this case, Vanessa coped with the stress associated with the death of her husband by becoming more actively engaged in her work. This behavior helped alleviate some of her stress and allowed her to manage her grief constructively.

Any modification or adaptation, conscious or unconscious, that eases tension and anxiety in a trying encounter or circumstance. The main goal of psychological therapies is frequently to modify dysfunctional coping mechanisms. Additionally, see coping behavior and coping strategy.

Weiten has categorized coping techniques into four categories: problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), and occupation-focused.

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Daru and Young Jordan both face isolating forces in their respective situations. To combat this isolation, they adopt different strategies to respond effectively.

Daru, a schoolteacher in the story "The Guest" by Albert Camus, experiences isolation in the harsh Algerian landscape. He attempts to connect with his prisoner, the Arab, by offering him food and shelter, as well as the choice to decide his own fate. This act of empathy and understanding helps Daru to bridge the gap between himself and the Arab, reducing the feeling of isolation.

On the other hand, Young Jordan, a character from the novel "Friday Night Lights" by H. G. Bissinger, deals with the isolation brought on by the pressures of competitive sports. To respond to these forces, Jordan focuses on developing strong teamwork and camaraderie with his fellow players. This sense of belonging helps Jordan combat the isolating forces effectively.

In both cases, Daru and Young Jordan's actions prove effective in alleviating their sense of isolation, though the challenges they face are inherently different.

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The number of people who stopped smoking following a smoking cessation program is a measure of the program's effectiveness. It is a quantitative measure that indicates the extent to which the program has achieved its intended outcomes.

The program's success can be measured by comparing the number of smokers who stopped smoking after participating in the program with the number of smokers who continued to smoke.

This measure can also be used to assess the impact of the program on the health of participants. Smoking cessation programs aim to improve the health outcomes of smokers by reducing their exposure to the harmful effects of smoking.

By measuring the number of people who have successfully quit smoking, the program can demonstrate its ability to achieve this objective.

Moreover, this measure can also provide insight into the factors that influence smoking cessation success. By analyzing the characteristics of those who were successful in quitting smoking, the program can identify the factors that contributed to their success and use this information to improve the program's effectiveness.

Overall, the number of people who stopped smoking following a smoking cessation program is an important measure that provides valuable information about the program's impact and effectiveness.

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Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from unconscious psychological conflicts and trauma.

According to this theory, when an individual experiences overwhelming or traumatic events, the mind may use dissociation as a defense mechanism to protect the psyche from emotional pain or distress. Dissociation is a process of disconnecting from one's thoughts, emotions, or memories, which can lead to amnesia or fugue states. Psychodynamic theorists believe that the dissociated memories and emotions are still present in the unconscious mind and can resurface in different ways, such as dreams or symptoms of anxiety and depression. The goal of psychotherapy for dissociative disorders is to help the individual access and process these unconscious conflicts and integrate the dissociated parts of their psyche to promote healing and recovery.

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In a fear-conditioning experiment, a person who shows no skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square) that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (a painful shock) may have damage to the amygdala.

The amygdala is a small almond-shaped structure in the brain that plays a critical role in fear conditioning and the regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Research has shown that damage to the amygdala can impair fear conditioning and reduce or eliminate the conditioned response, as seen in the absence of a skin conductance response in this scenario.

Option A (basal ganglia) and option C (anterior cingulate) are not directly involved in fear conditioning, while the hippocampus (option D) is important for memory formation and retrieval, but not specifically for fear conditioning.

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Complete Question

In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows no skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square) that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (a painful shock). This person may have damage to the :

a- basal ganglia.

b- amygdala.

c- anterior cingulate.

d-  hippocampus.