A piece of bread is inserted into a toaster and begins to toast. Identify the correct statement.
a The internal energy of the toaster decreases as the internal energy of the bread increases
b Heat enters the bread and the internal energy of the toaster decreases
c Work is done to the bread and the internal energy of the toaster decreases
d Work is done to the bread and heat enters the bread

Answer:

Mg(s) = oxidized

H₂SO₄(aq) (hydrogen) = reduced

Explanation:

Oxidized substances lose electrons and see an increase in oxidation number. Reduced substances gain electrons and see a decrease in oxidation number.

Lone elements always have an oxidation number of 0. H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ are ionic compounds that can be broken up into a cation and polyatomic anion. The anion, SO₄²⁻, has an overall oxidation number of -2. Therefore, to make the overall charge of the ionic compound neutral, the hydrogen in H₂SO₄ has an oxidation state of +1 (bc there are two hydrogens) and the magnesium in MgSO₄ has an oxidation state of +2.

Since Mg(s) is losing electrons (goes from 0 to +2), it is being oxidized. Since the hydrogen in H₂SO₄(aq) is gaining electrons (goes from +1 to 0), it is being reduced.

All elements have a AHf, of 0

kJ/mole at standard temperature and pressure.

An element can be defined as a substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler forms by an ordinary chemical process

Below are the list of the first twenty elements:

So therefore, all elements have a AHf, of 0

kJ/mole at standard temperature and pressure.

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The properties are given below:

The property of solids, liquids, and gases refers to those features which are used to identify solids, liquids and gases.

Some property of solids, liquids and gases are shape and volume.

Shape: Solids have definite shape; liquids take the shape of their container; gases have no shape.

Volume: Solids have definite volume; liquids have definite volume; gases do not have a definite volume

In conclusion, solids, liquids and gases have unique properties in their shape and volume.

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The balanced neclear equation for alpha emission will be:

[tex]88Ra^2^2^3 --- > 86Rn^2^1^9 + 2He^4[/tex]

Radioactive decay occurs when unstable isotopes have their nuclei ruptured due to atomic instability. To understand why an isotope disintegrates, we need to look at the atomic nucleus. It is known that the nucleus is loaded with positive particles (protons), and that these are very close to each other. It is also true that particles with equal charges repel each other. Therefore, the proximity of the protons causes them to start to repel each other, in an attempt to take up as much space as possible. In view of this, the nucleus breaks, as it cannot bear these repellent charges.

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74.4 mL of a 0.8 M solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 grams of baking soda.

Equation that demonstrates reaction;

C6H8O7 + 3NaHCO3 → Na3C6H5O7 + 3H2O + 3CO2

Molar mass of citric acid (C6H8O7) =  12×6 + 1.008×8 + 16×7

                                                           =  192.064 g/mol

Molar mass of baking soda (NaHCO3) = 23 + 1 + 12 + 3×16

                                                                = 84 g/mol

[tex]^c C_6H_8O_7 = 0.8 M = 0.8 mol/L\\^m NaHCO_3 =15g[/tex]

From the reaction equation:

[tex]3[/tex] × [tex]^n C_6H_8O_7 = ^n NaHCO_3[/tex]

Molar mass of baking soda (NaHCO3) = 84 g/mol

So,

[tex]^n NaHCO_3 = ^m NaHCO_3/ ^MNaHCO_3[/tex]

And;

[tex]^n C_6H_8O_7 = ^nNaHCO_3/ 3[/tex]

From the definition of Molarity,

[tex]^V C_6H_8O_7 =\frac{^n C_6H_8O_7}{^cC_6H_8O_7 } =\frac{^n NaHCO_3}{^3*n^cC_6H_8O_7 } = \frac{^m NaHCO_3 / ^M NaHCO^3}{3*^cC_6H_8O_7 }[/tex]

Calculating;

[tex]^V C_6H_8O_7 = \frac{15/84}{3*0.8} \\[/tex]

               [tex]= 0.0744L\\= 74.4 mL[/tex]

Therefore, 74.4 mL of a 0.8 M solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 grams of baking soda.

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1.506 × 10²³ molecules in  120.0 g of oxygen gas.

The slightest particle of importance contains all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms.

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The equation for the dissociation of iron (iii) nitrate is given below:

A dissociation equation is an equation in which a compound separates into the constituent ions present in the compound.

The equation for the dissociation of iron (iii) nitrate is given below:

Fe₂(NO₃)₃ (aq) ⇄  2 Fe⁺ (aq) + 3 NO₃⁻ (aq)

In conclusion, the dissociation of iron(iii) nitrate produces iron (ii) ions and nitrate ions.

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The theoretical yield of H₂S is 13.5 g.

The percent yield is 75.5 %.

The equation of the reaction is given below:

Moles of FeS reacting = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of FeS = 88 g/mol

Moles of FeS reacting = 35/88 = 0.398 moles

Moles of H₂S produced = 0.398 moles

Molar mass of H₂S = 34 g/mol

Mass of H₂S produced = 0.398 * 34 = 13.5 g

Theoretical yield of H₂S is 13.5 g.

Actual yield of H₂S = 10.2 g

Percent yield = 10.2/13.5 * 100%

Percent yield = 75.5 %

In conclusion, the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield.

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Answer:

The corpuscular model of matter is a model of the microscopic structure of matter, which seeks to explain the properties and behavior in each state of aggregation

Explanation:

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 3.63 moles of NH₃ will be produced if 50.8 g N₂ reacts with 187.3 g H₂.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

3 H₂ + N₂ → 2 NH₃

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The molar mass of the compounds is:

Then, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

The limiting reagent is one that is consumed first in its entirety, determining the amount of product in the reaction. When the limiting reagent is finished, the chemical reaction will stop.

To determine the limiting reagent, it is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by stoichiometry 6 grams of H₂ reacts with 28 grams of N₂, 187.3 grams of H₂ reacts with how much mass of N₂?

[tex]mass of N_{2} =\frac{187.3 grams of H_{2} x28 grams of N_{2}}{6 grams of H_{2}}[/tex]

mass of N₂= 874.067 grams

But 875.087 grams of N₂ are not available, 50.8 grams are available. Since you have less mass than you need to react with 187.3 grams of H₂, N₂ will be the limiting reagent.

Considering the limiting reagent, the following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 28 grams of N₂ form 2 moles of NH₃, 50.8 grams of N₂ form how many moles of NH₃?

[tex]moles of NH_{3} =\frac{50.8 grams of N_{2} x2 moles of NH_{3} }{28 grams of N_{2}}[/tex]

moles of NH₃= 3.63 moles

Finally, 3.63 moles of NH₃ will be produced if 50.8 g N₂ reacts with 187.3 g H₂.

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The major product formed will be : 2-aminophenyl ethyl ketone

The NO₂ group (-nitro group) on reduction will form a NH₂ group (-amino group).

From the calculation, the concentration of the oxonium ions is 1 * 10^-6 M

The term concentration refers to the amount of substances present in the solution. There are several units that can be used to show the concertation of a substances such as moles/liter, gram per liter, parts per billion, parts per billion, percentage etc.

Now we know that water is composed of the hydrogen and the hydroxide ions and the product of the both is generally known as the ion product of water and have a value of 1 * 10^-14.

If that be the case, we are in order to write the expression;

[H3O+]  [OH-] = 1 * 10^-14

[H3O+] = 1 * 10^-14/ [OH-]

[H3O+] = 1 * 10^-14/ 1 x 10^ -8

[H3O+] = 1 * 10^-6 M

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Answer:

7.88 x 10²² formula units CuCl₂

Explanation:

To find the amount of formula units, you need to (1) convert grams to moles (via the molar mass) and then (2) convert moles to formula units (via Avogadro's Number). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value.

Molar Mass (CuCl₂): 134.45 g/mol

Avogadro's Number:

6.022 x 10²³ formula units = 1 mole

17.6 g CuCl₂            1 mole             6.022 x 10²³ formula units
--------------------  x  -----------------  x  ------------------------------------------  =  
                               134.45 g                           1 mole

=  7.88 x 10²² formula units CuCl₂

Lipids are made up of long hydrocarbon chains and is not soluble in water.

Hence, Option C is correct answer.

Carbohydrate is water soluble macromolecule because they are small polar molecules contains many -OH functional groups that makes it hydrophilic.  

Nucleic acids are long polymeric chain. They are hydrophilic in nature. Nucleic acid are soluble in water because of their polar nature.

Lipids are hydrophobic and they are generally water insoluble because lipids are non polar molecules. Lipids are oily or greasy molecules. Lipids are made up of glycerol molecule. It includes fatty acids.

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Lipids are made up of long hydrocarbon chains and is not soluble in water.

Hence, Option C is correct answer.

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Answer:

121 g/mol

Explanation:

To find the molar mass, you first need to calculate the number of moles. For this, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law. The equation looks like this:

PV = nRT

In this equation,

-----> P = pressure (atm)

-----> V = volume (L)

-----> n = moles

-----> R = constant (0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)

-----> T = temperature (K)

Because density is comparing the mass per 1 liter, I am assuming that the system has a volume of 1 L. Before you can plug the given values into the equation, you first need to convert Celsius to Kelvin.

P = 1.00 atm                         R = 0.0821 L*atm/mol*K

V = 1.00 L                             T = 25.0. °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

n = ? moles

PV = nRT

(1.00 atm)(1.00L) = n(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(298.15 K)

1.00 = n(0.0821 L*atm/mol*K)(298.15 K)

1.00 = (24.478115)n

0.0409 = n

Now, we need to find the molar mass using the number of moles per liter (calculated) and the density.

0.0409 moles           ? grams           4.95 grams
----------------------  x  ------------------  =   ------------------
        1 L                       1 mole                     1 L

? g/mol = 121 g/mol

**note: I am not 100% confident on this answer

A mathematical function known as an orbital is used to describe the wave-like behavior of an electron, an electron pair, or (less frequently) nucleons.

Atomic orbitals outline the potential locations of electrons within an atom. In molecules, molecular orbitals play the same function.

Each atomic orbital has three quantum numbers, n, l, and ml, attached to it. The wave function was used to calculate these numbers.

The square of the wave function 2 can be used to calculate the size and form of an orbital.

All atomic orbitals are centered on the atomic nucleus and have unique forms.

The s, p, and d orbitals—orbitals that correspond to the s, p, and d subshells—are the orbitals that are most frequently encountered in introductory quantum chemistry.

F orbitals can be found in the ground states of heavier atoms as well.

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Answer:

In chemistry, an orbital is related to also a wave function. An Orbital is a practical region or part that is around the nucleus in a molecule and maybe an atom. It can contain up to two electrons, electrons form themselves around the nucleus.

Explanation:

No Explanation

The sun sending out electromagnetic waves is best describes the source of radiation heat.

Radiation heat is the form of electromagnetic waves.

Radiation heat, commonly referred to as thermal radiation, is the electromagnetic radiation that defines how photons exchange heat. The technique of heat transfer known as radiant heat does not require a medium to be propagated in.

Two molecules colliding with each other produce kinetic energy, moving objects have kinetic energy. Radiation heat is thermal energy. Sun directly sends thermal radiation through electromagnetic waves.

Hence , The sun sends out electromagnetic waves directly is best describes the source of radiation heat.

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531.2 grams of oxygen and 608.22 grams of C6H12O6 make up the potential yield.

Determine the reaction's theoretical yield:

Given is the reaction: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

2.38 x 102 g of H2O are provided as the mass.

Given is 18.6 moles of CO2.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O →  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 moles of H2O  1 mole of C6H12O6

1 mole of water equals 0.6 moles of C6H12O6.

18gm of H2O = 276/6 gm of C6H12O6

2.38*10^2 gm of H2O = ? gm of C6H12O6

[tex]=\frac{2.38*10^{2} *\frac{276}{6} }{18}[/tex]

[tex]=608.22gms[/tex] of C6H12O6

1 mole of  C6H12O6 = 276gms

? moles of C6H12O6 = 608.22gms

= 608.22/276

= 2.2 moles of C6H12O6

6 moles of CO2 = 6 moles of O2

1 mole of CO2 = 1 mole of O2

∴ 18.6 moles of CO2 = 18.6 moles of O2

1 mole of O2 = 32gms of O2

∴18.6 moles of O2 = ?  gm

= 18.6*32

= 531.2gms of O2

Hence 531.2 grams of oxygen and 608.22 grams of C6H12O6 make up the potential yield

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[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] of the compound is found to be  5.04 ×[tex]10^{-10}[/tex].

Solubility :Solubility can be define as the amount of a substance that dissolves or mixes in a given amount of solvent at specific conditions.

Solubility equilibrium

Ksp = [tex][A^{+} ]^{a}[/tex] [tex][B^{-} ]^{b}[/tex]

Ksp = solubility product constant

A+ = cation in an aquious solution

B- = anion in an aqueous solution

a, b = relative concentrations of a and b

Given,

Solubility = s = 3.60 × [tex]10^{-2}[/tex] g/L

molar mass = 288 g/ mol

∴ s= 3.60 × [tex]10^{-2}[/tex] g/L ÷ 288 g/ mol = 1.25 ×[tex]10^{-4}[/tex] mol/ L

Reaction:

MX3 ⇄ M + 3X

           s       3s

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] =[ [tex]M^{+3}[/tex]] [ [tex]X^{-1}[/tex][tex]]^{3}[/tex] = solubility product

∴ [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] =[tex][s]^{} [3s]^{3}[/tex]

∴ [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 3 [tex]s^{4}[/tex]

∴ [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 3 × (3.60 × [tex]10^{-2}[/tex] [tex])^{4}[/tex]

∴ [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 503.8848 ×[tex]10^{-8}[/tex]  = 5.04 ×[tex]10^{-10}[/tex]

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Titration is a technique for determining unknown molarity of acid by adding a base of know malarkey to a known volume of acid

The process of calculating the quantity of a material A by adding measured increments of substance B, the titrant, with which it reacts until exact chemical equivalency is obtained " is the definition of titration. Titration, commonly referred to as titrimetry, is a method of chemical qualitative analysis used to determine the concentration of a certain analyte in a mixture.

The goal of titration is to identify the equivalence point, or the point at which chemically equivalent amounts of the reactants have been combined, which is a key analytical chemistry technique also known as volumetric analysis. The stoichiometry of the reactants determines how many reactants have been mixed at the equivalence point.

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Answer:

0.382 atm

Explanation:

In order to find the pressure, you need to know the moles of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas. This can be found by multiplying the mass (g) by the molar mass (g/mol) of CO₂. It is important to arrange the conversion in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.

Molar Mass (CO₂): 12.011 g/mol + 2(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CO₂): 44.007 g/mol

15 grams CO₂               1 mole
----------------------  x  ------------------------  =  0.341 moles CO₂
                                44.007 grams

To find the pressure, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law equation.

PV = nRT

In this equation,

-----> P = pressure (atm)

-----> V = volume (L)

-----> n = moles

-----> R = Ideal Gas Constant (0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)

-----> T = temperature (K)

After you convert Celsius to Kelvin, you can plug the given and calculated values into the equation and simplify to find the pressure.

P = ? atm                              R = 0.08206 atm*L/mol*K

V = 20 L                               T = 0 °C + 273.15 = 273.15 K

n = 0.341 moles

PV = nRT

P(20 L) = (0.341 moles)(0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)(273.15 K)

P(20 L) = 7.64016

P = 0.382 atm

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Elements are extremely particular compounds that serve as the foundation for all life and matter (well other than the stuff smaller than atoms). It can contain one atom or trillions of them for anything to be an element, however atoms of different types cannot be combined in. That is to say, every atom has a set number of protons, ranging from 1 to 118. You can be positive that the substance you have is hydrogen if there is just one proton present. Mercury is what you get if you have 80 protons. Atoms of pure hydrogen only contain one proton. As most people are aware, if you add oxygen to it, it turns into water, which is no longer an element but a compound. Nevertheless, the building blocks are the elements. Every single object you can see is composed of elements, whether there are many of them, as there are in the human body, or only a few, as there are in salt.

A compound is a substance with a definite composition (with some leeway there, there are 'non-stoichiometric' compounds), that is composed of 2 or more elements.

Further explanation:

A compound in chemistry is a material that is created by mixing two or more distinct chemical elements in such a way that the atoms of the various elements are kept together by strong chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among the atoms. A molecule is the smallest, unbreakable unit of a substance.

A mixture is not a compound since there is no bonding between the atoms of the constituent substances in a mixture. In certain cases, mixing dissimilar elements causes chemical reactions that result in the formation of bonds between the atoms and the molecules of a compound. Other possibilities allow mixing distinct components without causing a reaction, preserving the separate identities of the elements. When elements are combined, reactions can happen quickly or slowly (for example, when iron is exposed to oxygen) (as when lithium is exposed to oxygen). There are times when an element is introduced to a chemical, a reaction takes place, creating new compounds (as when pure elemental sodium is immersed in liquid water).

A compound frequently looks and acts quite different from any of the constituent parts. Think about hydrogen (H) and oxygen, for instance (O). At standard atmospheric pressure and room temperature, both of these substances are gases. However, they combine to form the well-known material known as water, which is a liquid at room temperature and at normal atmospheric pressure and whose molecules each contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).

Few elements' atoms readily combine with those of other elements to produce compounds. These gases—helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon—are referred to as noble or inert gases. Compounds made of certain elements can be formed easily with other elements. Examples include fluorine, chlorine, and oxygen.

2) The adjective compound refers to something that is made up of several different components. Examples of this usage include compound eyes, which are found in a variety of insects, compound microscopes, which are high-power magnifying devices made up of multiple lenses, compound sentences, which are organized collections of smaller sentences that form a single integrated perceptual environment, and compound documents.

Answer:

33 atm

Explanation:

If all other variables are held constant, you can use Gay-Lussac's Law to find the pressure change:

P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂

In this equation, "P₁" and "T₁" represent the initial pressure and temperature. "P₂" and "T₂" represent the final pressure and temperature. You can plug the given values into the equation and simplify to find P₂.

P₁ = 7.0 atm                     P₂ = ? atm

T₁ = 15 °C                         T₂ = 70 °C

P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂                                       <----- Gay-Lussac's Law

7.0 atm / 15 °C = P₂ / 70 °C                   <----- Insert values

0.46667 = P₂ / 70 °C                             <----- Simplify left side

33 = P₂                                                  <----- Multiply both sides by 70

Answer:

Hydrolysis of 1-cyano-methylbenzene is an addition reaction while that of 1-cyano-4-methylbenzene is a substitution substitution reaction.

Explanation:

substitution reactions occur in preference to addition reactions

Cylinder will expand to 6.08 Lit by assuming that all the energy released is converted to work used to push the piston.

Concept of work :If we  apply force on an object and if the object moves and changes it's position, then product of the force and the displacement of an object in the direction of applied force is called work.

Given,

Pressure= P= 738.52 mm Hg = 0.97 atm. (∵ 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)

Initial volume =V1= 1.7 L

Work done = W = 439.6 J

As we need our answer in litters ..

let's convert the work done into suitable units

∴work done = W = 4.26 L-atm (∵ 1 J = 101.3 L-atm)

As given all the energy is assumed to converted into work so we need not to worry About heat loss or entropy.

work done = pressure * difference in volume

W = PΔV

ΔV = 4.26÷ 0.97

∴ΔV = 4.38 LIt

There for, the volume expanded = 4.38 Lit

So, total volume = 4.38+ 1.7 = 6.08 Lit.

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883.15 gm of Ni is produced in solution by passing a current of 67 Ampere through a period of 14 hours.

Current, I = 67 A

Time, t = 14 h = (14×60×60) s

Now total Charge passed , Q = I t = 67×14×60×60 = 3376800 C

moles of electrons passed = [tex]\frac{Q}{96500}[/tex][tex]=\frac{3376800}{96500}=34.992[/tex] mole  e⁻

34.992 moles of e⁻ will produce 34.992 /2 = 17.49 mole Ni

Now we have the reaction

Ni ²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni

34.992 moles of e⁻ produces 17.49 mole of Ni

mass of Ni produced = molar mass of Ni × moles of Ni = 58.693 × 17.49 = 1026.91 gm of Ni produced

But the cell is 86% efficient.

Therefore, Ni produced = 0.86×1026.91 =  883.15 gm

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Answer:

28.0 grams CsF

Explanation:

To find the mass of CsF, you need to (1) convert grams CsXeF₇ to moles CsXeF₇ (via molar mass), then (2) convert moles CsXeF₇ to moles CsF (via mole-to-mole ratio from equation coefficients), and then (3) convert moles CsF to grams CsF (via molar mass). It is important to arrange the ratios/conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value.

Molar Mass (CsF): 132.91 g/mol + 18.998 g/mol

Molar Mass (CsF): 151.908 g/mol

Molar Mass (CsXeF₇): 132.91 g/mol + 131.29 g/mol + 7(18.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CsXeF₇): 397.186 g/mol

1 CsF + XeF₆ -----> 1 CsXeF₇

73.1 g CsXeF₇             1 mole                 1 mole CsF              151.908 g
----------------------  x  --------------------  x  ------------------------  x  ------------------  =
                                  397.186 g           1 mole CsXeF₇             1 mole

=  27.958 g CsF

=  28.0 g CsF