1980’s why did unions decline?

Answer:

Increasing market rivalry, decreased manufacturing activity, and technology innovation that has replaced human labor have all been proposed as explanations for this occurrence. While all of these variables are crucial, such explanations ignore the political and institutional components of the transition. Dec

Explanation:

IBM, the world's largest computer manufacturer, announced the first layoffs in its 80-year history in February 1993. Throughout the 1980s, the firm had seen a gradual drop in profitability and slow development due to increased foreign and local competition; personnel modification and cost reduction looked necessary. Nonetheless, IBM's decision was a significant break from the company's well-known reputation of lifetime employment. It has prided itself on looking after its personnel throughout its history. However, when seen in a larger context, what was actually surprising was that the firm had managed to avoid layoffs for so long; most of its competitors had already embraced the practice as necessary. Since the 1980s, corporate America has been subjected to waves of downsizing. Firms made layoffs amid economic downturns long before the 1980s. However, prominent US corporations' layoff policies changed dramatically in the 1980s. Previously, layoff denoted a temporary suspension of employment with the expectation that laid-off workers would be called back when economic conditions improved, but it has increasingly evolved to indicate permanent termination (see Figure 1 attachment). Furthermore, unlike in the past, even strong and lucrative businesses have begun to downsize. For example, Xerox stated in 1993 that it would lose 10,000 positions, or about 10% of its workforce, despite the fact that the firm had been successful for several years before to the announcement. Its CEO emphasized that the firm needed to be lean and adaptable in order to compete effectively. What is the cause of this dramatic shift in layoff policy among significant US corporations? Increasing market rivalry, decreased manufacturing activity, and technology innovation that has replaced human labor have all been proposed as explanations for this occurrence. While all of these variables are crucial, such explanations ignore the political and institutional components of the transition. In recent research, I show that altering inter-class power dynamics inside big US corporations were behind the shift in layoff policy. Several prior studies have found that wealthy shareholders and senior executives advocated for permanent layoffs as a way to increase shareholder value—the company's stock price. However, these studies do not paint a whole picture of the inter-class power struggle over layoff policy. They neglect how employees and labor unions resisted the modification of layoff practices and how the larger political context limited their capacity to fight while emphasizing on the involvement of shareholders and senior executives. In my research, I look at labor unions' opposition to the transition from temporary to permanent layoffs. Labor unions reportedly fought back vehemently, but given their waning political clout, it's unclear how effective their opposition was. Industrial unions, particularly in critical industrial industries like automotive and steel, previously played a crucial role in building a system of statutory laws and unwritten conventions that compelled employers to ensure that employees' job security was linked to their reciprocal commitment to the enterprise. One move that signaled this commitment was temporary layoffs followed by recall. During economic downturns, corporations used this approach to reduce employee size while workers remained loyal to their original employers. However, in the late 1970s, the industrial unionism that dictated employment policies in many big US corporations began to crumble. As the power of industrial unionism faded, a new set of ideas arose to modify US employers' employment policies. New power groups in financial markets, particularly major institutional investors (e.g., mutual and public pension funds), began to put pressure on management to improve profitability and maximize shareholder returns as many enterprises suffered from a chronic fall in market share and profitability. Firms began to actively participate in substantial downsizing in order to preserve, recover, and even enhance their stock price, owing to institutional investors' pressure and the Reagan administration's pro-business posture. This strained the relationship between employees and their bosses even further.

The issue Middle Eastern nations have with
Israel stems from what?
A. Commmunism
B. Nuclear weapons
C. Religion
D. Trade

What are some of the ways King Henry II further strengthened rthe king's power in Britain? Select ALL that apply.
a. He set up a central royal court
b. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine and gained her land
c. He set up juries of citizens to settle legal disputes.
d. He seized all land from the nobles

50 POINTS
Why do you think the constitution of 1895 was considered a setback for African American?

What was the impact of Western imperialism and how did subjugated peoples respond?

After italy was defeated in 1943, who was left to fight against the Allied forces in world war one?

What are customs and beliefs that arise within a diverse culture realm made up of a variety of culture groups part of? ОА. folk culture O B. latent culture oc. popular culture OD ethnic culture​

A political ideology where the interest of the nation comes before its citizens.

What year was did the quran got send

Which 20th-century Chinese leader introduced free market reforms in
communist China after the end of the Cultural Revolution?
A. Deng Xiaoping
B. Chiang Kai-shek
C. Mao Zedong
D. Sun Yat-sen

In the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, the Supreme Court ruled that:

A. states had the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery.

B. publicly calling for an end to slavery was illegal under federal law.

C. the federal government could not pass laws limiting slavery.

D. enslaved people had the right to sue citizens in federal courts.

PLEASE HELP TIMED
Which goals did Lyndon Johnson have as president?


Choose all answers that are correct.



a good education for every child



wipe out poverty



equality for all men and women



caring for old people



minimum wage

Help with this my teacher said this was history but I clearly don't understand

WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST!!


How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect the issue of enslavement?
O
it enforced the previous ruling of the Missour Compromise and extended the boundary line into the Kansas and Nebraska
territories,
© It increased sectionalism and led to violence between anti-enslavement and pro-enslavement settlers
O It banned enslavement in all territories acquired from Mexico,
It admitted Kansas as a free state and allowed enslavement in Nebraska

What was Lewis H. Latimer?

1. How do you think Charles Darwin's theories impacted education?

can some parts of war be dignified why or why not

PART A: What does the phrase "puppet government" most closely mean as it is used in paragraph
5?

!!!!!!!!!!!81 points!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Briefly tell what these events were and analyze their importance in the Reconstruction era:(3 pts each)
b.The assassination of Lincoln –
c.The rise of the Ku Klux Klan –
d.The impeachment of Andrew Johnson –

Read the sentence below, and answer the question that follows.
The sharp cacophony of sirens blaring startled the birds resting in the park and sent them wheeling in the
sky.
Which tone is established based on the use of the word cacophony in this sentence?
suspenseful
joyful
angry
tense

how do most people make their opinions known to govenment officials
a: voting
b: paying taxes
c: being informed
d: attending school

background of olympics

How do the long telegram, the Truman Doctrine, and the Marshall Plan create a cohesive foreign policy? Cite specific examples to support your response.

Why do you think both of these acts were passed during World War 1?

Espionage & Sedition???

• How did the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions promote new ideas about rights that impacted lower class people, women, and people of African descent? Explain your answer with specific examples from this period of class, gender, and race.

• With your previous answers in mind, what were the most important accomplishments of the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions?

• What were the most negative things that took place during the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions? Explain your answer.

Question 16 of 20
What is true of the federal level of government and the state and local level in
the creation of public policy?
A. Both set policy related to public education.
B. Both set policy related to family law.
C. Both set policy related to the economy.
D. Both set policy related to foreign countries.
SUBMIT

what did the supreme court ruling in plessy v. ferguson allow southern states to do?

Which achievements does the text describe? Check all
that apply.
Several Black men and women have led major
corporations.
O A Latina businesswoman founded a bank and a
marketing company.
O A Latino businessman created a housing empire.
O A Black husband and wife established an
employment agency together.
Latina businesswomen have worked as CEOs for
Fortune 500 companies.

Explain the roles of African Americans and women in the military
in World War II. What prejudice did these groups face?

ANSWER NOW! How has the war in Ukraine affected farmers in the US?

a. many farm workers are going to fight in Ukraine

b. fertilizer prices are going up

c. gas prices are going down

d. the price of wheat is at an all time high

what falls out of dr clarks suitcase