Answer:
M1 U1 + M2 U2 = ( M1 + M2 ) V
Explanation:
they rebounce, therefore it's elastic.
Calculate the force of gravity between a 2.50 kg newborn baby and a 80.0 kg doctor standing 0.250 m away. G
The force of gravity between the newborn baby and the doctor is approximately 2.67 x 10^-8 N.
What do you mean by force of gravity?The attraction between two objects in the cosmos is created by the force of gravity. Objects fall towards the center of the earth as a result of this force, which also keeps planets and moons in their orbits around stars. The mass of the objects and the separation between their centers of mass determine how much gravity there is between them.
The force of gravity between two objects is:
F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2
Where F = force of gravity,
G = gravitational constant (approximately 6.67 x 10^-11 N*(m/kg)^2),
mass m1 and mass m2 are the masses of the objects,
r = distance between their centers of mass.
Given:
the mass of the newborn baby = 2.50 kg,
the mass of the doctor = 80.0 kg,
the distance between them = 0.250 m,
F = (6.67 x 10^-11 N*(m/kg)^2) * (2.50 kg) *(80.0 kg) / (0.250 m)^2
F = 2.67 x 10^-8 N
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A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude of 870 m above the ground. What is the work done by this individual.
A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude of 870 m above the ground. Then the work done by this individual is7.7×[tex]10^{5}[/tex]J
The work done by the skydiver can be calculated using the equation
W = mgh,
where m is the mass of the skydiver, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the altitude of the skydiver.
In this case, the mass of the skydiver is 78 kg, g is 9.8 m/s2, and the height is 870 m.
Thus, the work done by the skydiver is 7.7 ×[tex]10^{5}[/tex] J.
This work is the energy that the skydiver has gained from the gravitational potential energy due to the difference in altitude between the ground and the skydiver's position. The work can be converted into kinetic energy due to the skydiver's speed of 62 m/s.
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According to Gordon Allport, which type of personality traits are the most dominant?
According to Gordon Allport, the type of personality traits that are the most dominant is the central trait or the basic trait.
What is trait?This refers to a distinctive quality or character of a person. For example curiosity, fair, and dark. etc.
Gordon Allport is a psychologist and personality theorist. He divided personality traits into three categories: cardinal, central, and secondary. According to Allport, the most dominant type of personality trait is the central trait, also called as the "basic trait."
These traits are fundamental to a person's character and shape their overall personalities, such as honesty, kindness, and intelligence. Cardinal traits, on the other hand, are rare and extremely influential traits that shape a person's entire life and behavior, such as religious devotion or political ideology. Secondary traits are less important and more specific, such as being punctual or having a sense of humor.
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How are velocity and force similar?
Answer: Force
In physical science, a force is something that acts on an object by pushing or pulling it. If the force is strong enough, it changes the position or shape of the object. Forces such as friction, air resistance and simple physical contact touch the object directly, while forces like gravity, magnetism and electrostatics act on the object from a distance. Force is a vector quantity, meaning you can measure both its strength and its direction. The formula to find the measure of a force is force = mass times acceleration, written as f = ma.
Velocity
The faster something is moving, the higher its velocity.
When an object is moving, one way to measure how fast it is moving is by finding its velocity, which is the rate at which it is changing position. Like force, velocity is a vector quantity, so it includes direction. To find the average velocity of an object, divide the change in its position by the time the movement took, and state its direction. For example, if a car is driving north and in one hour's time it travels 30 miles, its velocity is 30 miles per hour, north.
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(ii) a large electroscope is made with "leaves" that are 78-cm-long wires with tiny 21-g spheres at the ends. When charged, nearly all the charge resides on the spheres. If the wires each make a 26° angle with the vertical (fig. 16–55), what total charge q must have been applied to the electroscope?
The electroscope must have received a total charge of 2.45 x q if the wires are each at a 26° angle with the vertical.
The electroscope is what?An electroscope is a scientific tool which is used to find the existence of an electric charge on a body. The first electroscope with a pivoting needle, known as a versorium, was created by British physician William Gilbert in the year 1600.
What are the many varieties of electroscope?An electroscope is a piece of equipment used in science to determine whether and how much electric charge is present on a body. There are three traditional electroscope types: the needle electroscope, the gold-leaf electroscope, and the pith-ball electroscope (third). For each of them, we have simulators available.
Briefing:Equilibrium condition = mgsin∅ = 2.45 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]
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How do you reduce high latency?
Increasing internet speed and bandwidth will help to solve the latency issues. You'll need a network connection with a minimum speed of 15 mbps in order to use the internet efficiently.
Explanation of the previous response:Eventually, purchasing faster gear will be your best bet for obtaining lower latency. The system's overall latency can be considerably decreased by a faster CPU and GPU. Using the Reflex SDK's Game and Render latencies in games: If your Game Latency is excessive, think about getting a faster CPU.
In general, a latency (or ping) of 40 to 60 milliseconds (ms) or less is considered acceptable, whereas a speed of more than 100 ms will typically result in a significant lag in gaming. The performance of the game is affected by a number of variables.
the GPU, the HDD or SSD that the game is installed on, the amount and speed of RAM, the number of processing cores, and the speed of the disc.
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A very powerful vacuum cleaner has a hose 2.27 cm in diameter. With no nozzle on the hose (no change to hose area), what is the weight of the heaviest brick it can lift
A very powerful vacuum cleaner has a hose 2.27 cm in diameter. The atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm=101,300 Pa. then vacuume cleaner generate the force F = 65.1 N
What does diameter mean?A line that is straight and cuts through the middle of a body or figure. Particularly: the length of a diameter; a line segment passing through the center of a circle with its ends on the circumference.
Calculation -:Given,
diameter of the nose is d= 2.86 cm
radius of the nose r= 1.43 cm = 1.43× [tex]10^{-2}[/tex] m
We know F=P.A
where P is the atmospheric pressure and A is the surface area of the circulsr nose F is the force exerted by vacuume cleaner on the air
∴ F=P ( [tex]\pi r^{2}[/tex])
we know atmospheric pressure, p=1.013×[tex]10^{5}[/tex] pa
F = 1.013 × [tex]10^{5}[/tex] × 3.14 (1.43 × [tex]10^{-2}[/tex]) ^2
⇒ 65.1 N
⇒ F = 65.1 N
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Calculate where an additional 15kg pile of bricks would need to be placed to balance the beam (shown below). Show all calculations.
Placing the diagonal of the square along the line of the first distance mark on the beam, place one square load, one unit of length, along the beam from the pivot. One square load should be placed on the opposite side of the pivot to roughly balance this.
Why do we employ beam balance?For calibrating masses between 10 mg and 1 kg, a beam balance is utilised. Depending on the calibre and sharpness of the knife edge used to make the pivot, a given measurement can be made with a given resolution and accuracy.
What is a balance in the body?A physical balance is essentially just a tool for gauging weight. With the aid of another object whose weight is known, it is used to determine the weight of any unknown object.
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What details can you add to your model of sound? model being a slinky
Answer:
I really hope this helps
Explanation:
A 3.70 -uF capacitor that is initially uncharged is connected in series with a 6.20 -kohms resistor and an emf source with E=130V negligible internal resistance.
A) Just after the circuit is completed, what is the voltage drop across the capacitor?
B) Just after the circuit is completed, what is the voltage drop across the resistor?
C) Just after the circuit is completed, what is the charge on the capacitor?
D) Just after the circuit is completed, what is the current through the resistor?
E) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants) what is the voltage drop across the capacitor?
F) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants) what is the voltage drop across the resistor?
G) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants) what is the charge on the capacitor?
H) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants) what is the current through the resistor?
A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the voltage drop across the capacitor is 104.8V, the voltage drop across the resistor is 25.2V, the charge on the capacitor is -7.5μC, and the current through the resistor is 1.6mA.
A) Just after the circuit is completed, the voltage drop across the capacitor is 0V.
B) Just after the circuit is completed, the voltage drop across the resistor is 130V.
C) Just after the circuit is completed, the charge on the capacitor is 0C.
D) Just after the circuit is completed, the current through the resistor is 20.8mA.
E) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the voltage drop across the capacitor is 104.8V.
F) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the voltage drop across the resistor is 25.2V.
G) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the charge on the capacitor is -7.5μC.
H) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the current through the resistor is 1.6mA
Just after the circuit is completed, the voltage drop across the capacitor is 0V, the voltage drop across the resistor is 130V, the charge on the capacitor is 0C, and the current through the resistor is 20.8mA. A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), the voltage drop across the capacitor is 104.8V, the voltage drop across the resistor is 25.2V, the charge on the capacitor is -7.5μC, and the current through the resistor is 1.6mA.
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Deon is running at a velocity of 5.4 meters per second. Deon has a total mass of 95 kilograms—including his helmet, uniform, and pads. If Deon runs directly into Chuck, who has a total mass of 120 kilograms and is standing still, what is the momentum of the Deon-Chuck system after the collision? Assume momentum is conserved.
The law of conservation of momentum states that the momentum of a system is equal and conserved before and after collision. Therefore, the final momentum of the system is 513 kgm/s.
What is the law of conservation of momentum?The law of conservation of momentum states that, for two or more bodies which are present in an isolated system that are acting upon each other, their total momentum remains constant in the system unless an external force is applied on them. The expression for conservation of momentum is:
m₁ u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂
where, m₁ = mass of one object,
m₂ = mass of another object,
u₁ and u₂ are the initial velocities of objects,
v₁ and v₂ are the final velocities of objects.
Here, m₁ = 95kg, m₂ = 120kg
u₁ = 5.4m/s, u₂ = 0m/s (at rest)
m₁ u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ + m₂v₂
95 × 5.4 + 120 × 0 = 95 × v₁ + 120 × v₂
513 + 0 = 95 × v₁ + 120 × v₂
Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision
Therefore, the momentum after collision is 513 kgm/s.
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Two pole-vaulters just clear the bar at the same height. The first lands at a speed of 8.85 m/s, while the second lands at a speed of 9.31 m/s. The first vaulter clears the bar at a speed of 1.17 m/s. Ignore air resistance and friction and determine the speed at which the second vaulter clears the bar.
Using the strain energy that the pole has stored in it, the running athlete's kinetic energy is transformed into the potential energy needed to jump.
What equation is used to calculate the maximum height of a pole vault?Males employ the formula: h= 0.60 * [male height] + 12(v2/g), whereas females use h= 0.55 * [female height] + 12(v2/g).
It is merely an instance of energy being exchanged. If an athlete can run at 10 m/s and we calculate g as 10 m/s/s, the height equals 5 m.
Each vaulter has three tries to clear a particular height during a competition. In order to fall readily if touched, a bar is supported by two uprights. Up until a winner is determined through the process of elimination, it is raised gradually.
There has been a failed trial. A competitor's pole breaking while trying to clear the bar is not considered a trial or failure. No one is permitted to touch the vaulting pole.
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What is the difference between static and dynamic flexibility ?
Static stretches are those in which you remain in a single position—standing, sitting, or lying still—for up to 45 seconds. Dynamic stretches are regulated motions that get your ligaments, muscles.
Stretches that are static versus those that are dynamic:Movement is included into dynamic stretches, such as lunges with a torso twist. As opposed to dynamic stretches, static stretches include holding a stretched position for a while. Stretches that are static include the triceps stretch and the butterfly stretch.
A swimmer might, for instance, circle their arms before entering the water. A series of movements to get the body moving before engaging in any kind of exercise can also be considered dynamic stretches.
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A 16-cm-long nichrome wire is connected across the terminals of a 1.5 V battery.
What is the electric field inside the wire?
What is the current density inside the wire?
If the current in the wire is 2.0 A , what is the wire's diameter?
The electric field inside the wire is equal to 1.5 V/16 cm, or 0.09375 V/cm.
What is battery?
Battery is a device that stores energy and is capable of providing a current of electricity when connected to an electrical device. It typically consists of one or more electrochemical cells, which convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
The current density inside the wire is equal to 2.0 A/16 cm, or 0.125 A/cm.
The wire's diameter can be calculated using the formula I = πρd2/4,
where I is the current in the wire,
ρ is the resistivity of nichrome,
and d is the diameter of the wire.
Plugging in the values given,
we get 2.0 = π(1.1×10-6 Ω•m)d2/4, or d2 = 8.18×10-5 m.
Taking the square root of both sides, we get d = 0.028 m, or 2.8 mm.
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How much work is done by gravity to cause a 12.0 kg stone to drop from a height of 22.0 m to a height of 3.00 m?
Answer:
Work done is 2280 Joules.
Explanation:
Work done can be found using the formula
[tex]W=Fs\\[/tex]
where:
W is work done ( in Joules)
F is force ( in Newtons)
s is displacement ( in Meters)
Assuming we are on Earth, we can find the force acting on the object using the mass with the following:
Mass × 10 = Force
12.0 × 10 = 120N
Moreover, we can find displacement by simply subtracting the final distance from the starting distance:
22.0m - 3.00m = 19.0m
Therefore,
[tex]W = Fs[/tex]
[tex]W = 120N[/tex] × [tex]19m[/tex]
[tex]W= 2280J[/tex]
30 points!
Which option best describes a planet with the highest gravity?
a small, high mass planet
a large, low mass planet
a large, high mass planet
a small, low mass planet
Answer:
F = G M m / R^2 or g = F/ m = G M / R^2
(A) A small high mass planet obviously fits the first description.
figure 2 shows a 7520kg lorry. the driver spots a hazard ahead and applies the brakes. the lorry decelerates uniformly and comes to a stop 50m after the brakes are applied. Estimate the braking force needed to stop the lorry in newtons
Answer:
25 m/s
Explanation:
v^2-u^2=2as
a= (v^2-u^2)
A certain satellite orbiting Earth has a speed of about 17,000 miles/hour. What is its approximate speed expressed to the correct number of significant figures in kilometers/second
The speed of the satellite in terms of kilometers per second is 455.89 km/sec
The speed of the satellite = 17,000 miles/hour
The speed of the satellite can be converted into kilometers/second by converting the miles into kilometers and then the hour into seconds
1 miles = 1.609 km
Thus, the speed of the satellite,
= 17,000 x 1.609 km/hour
= 27,353 km/hr
Then, the speed of the satellite in one second is
1 hour = 60 seconds
Thus, the speed of the satellite,
= 27,353 x 1/60 km/sec
= 455.89 km/sec
Thus, the speed of the satellite is 455.89 km/sec
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A 74 kg student, starting from rest, slides down an 11.8 meter high water slide. What is his kinetic energy at the bottom of the slide
The kinetic energy of the student at the bottom of the slide with a velocity of 15.21 m/s is 8,557.36 J
The mass of the student = 74 kg
The distance of the slide = 11.8 m
The final velocity at the bottom of the slide can be found using
v² = u² + 2ax
where v is the final velocity
u is the initial velocity
a is the acceleration due to gravity
x is the distance
Let us substitute the known values,
v² = 0 + 2 x 9.8 x 11.8
v² = 231.28
= √231.28
v = 15.21
Therefore, the kinetic energy at the bottom of the slide is
K.E = 1/2mv²
= 1/2 x 74 x 231.28
= 8,557.36 J
The kinetic energy of the student is 8,557.36 J
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A 45 g golf ball collides elastically with an identical ball
at rest and stops. If the second ball's final speed is
3.0 m/s, what was the first ball's initial speed?
A 5-ft3 rigid tank contains 5 lbm of water at 20 psia. Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the total enthalpy, and (c) the mass of each phase of water
After that, we will calculate the temperature, total enthalpy, and masses of each water phase using the steam table.
What are temps and what is its unit?Given the water's initial mass and pressure, we can determine whether it is superheated or saturated by utilizing a steam table. On a variety of scales, including the Fahrenheit and Celsius systems, temperature is a unit that is used to denote hotness or coolness.
Heat energy will logically go from a hotter (body with a higher temperature) to a colder (body with a lower temperature) according to temperature (one at a lower temperature).
A comparison of a substance's temperature to a set of hot and cold reference values can be used to determine its temperature. The letter "T" stands for "temperature," which is denoted by the SI unit of "°C."
The three scales that are most frequently used to measure temperature are the Celsius scale, the Fahrenheit scale, and the Kelvin scale.
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On a cold winter night, a story comes on the news at stations across the northern part of Florida recommending that residents turn on their outside faucets to allow a slow drip of water. Why would that be recommended?
a-It keeps the ground from drying out.
b-It protects the water from shrinking in the pipes.
c-It stops the water from getting too salty.
d-It prevents the water from bursting the pipes.
On a cold winter night, a story comes on the news at stations across the northern part of Florida recommending that residents turn on their outside faucets to allow a slow drip of water. It would that be recommended because it prevents the water from bursting the pipes.
Option D is correct.
How do we prevent freezing pipes during freezing temperatures?During freezing temperatures, one of the things that you can do in order to prevent water from freezing and bursting the pipes is to run your faucet because running water does not freeze as easily as standing water, so letting it drip overnight will help.
The body faces the effects when subjected to freezing temperatures as it the body begins to lose heat faster than it can be produced. Prolonged exposure to cold will eventually use up your body's stored energy. The result is hypothermia, or abnormally low body temperature.
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If energy density is the amount of energy per unit mass, which of the following statements must be true?
A) NiCd batteries have a higher energy density than lead storage batteries
B) Lead storage batteries produce less energy than NiCd batteries
C) NiCd batteries produce more electrons per mole of metal than lead storage batteries
D) Both lead storage and NiCd batteries have the same energy density
If the energy density is the amount of energy per unit mass, then the true statement is A: "NiCd batteries have a higher energy density than lead storage batteries".
One of the advantages of NiCd batteries is that NiCd batteries have a higher energy-to-weight ratio in comparison to lead storage batteries. Even though lead-storage batteries have a higher E°cell, but NiCd batteries have more energy per unit mass and are smaller in size. Therefore, it is sated that NiCd batteries have a higher energy density.
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Please give an explanation on how to do this
The time that is taken by the cart is given as 34.7 s.
What is the time taken?
Let us have it at the back of our minds that what we are dealing with here is the velocity and that the velocity of the object can be said to be a vector quantity. If it is a vector quantity, we would need to look at the magnitude and the direction of the quantity.
We can now see that the velocity of the object can be defined as the change in the velocity of the object with time. We can now write;
V = Δx/t
V = velocity
Δx = change in the displacement
t = time
Then;
-0.418 = 5.40 - 19.9/t
t = -14.5/-0.418
t = 34.7 s
In the movement of the cart from one point on the plane to the other, the time that has been taken by the cart is about 34.7 s.
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The electric field near the surface of Earth points downward and has a magnitude of 140 N/C. A. Compare the upward electric force on an electron with the downward gravitational force. (upward force / downward force)b. What magnitude charge should be placed on a penny of mass 6 g so that the electric force balances the weight of the penny near Earth's surface?
The me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg the the upward electric force on an electron with the downward gravitational force. C = 0.42 mC is the magnitude charge should be placed on a penny of mass 6 g so that the electric force balances the weight of the penny near Earth's surface.
What is magnitude ?
According to the physics definition, magnitude is just "distance or quantity." It demonstrates how an object moves as it is moving, including whether the movement is absolute, relative, or of a particular size. It serves as a means of describing the size or scope of something. Physicists use the word "magnitude" to indicate size or distance.
What is gravitational force ?
The force of attraction between any two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of their distance, according to Newton's universal law of gravitation.
E = 140 N/C
qe = -1.6 x 10-19 C
me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
A) Fe = qe.E = 1.6 x 10-19. 140 = 2.24 x 10-17 N ( upward )
Fw = me.g = 9.1 x 10-31.9.8 = 8.918 x 10-30 N (down ward )
Fe/Fw = 2.51 x 1012
B) mg = q.E
q = mg/E = (6 x 10-3.9.8) /140
q = 4.2 x 10-4 C = 0.42 mC
Therefore, me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg the the upward electric force on an electron with the downward gravitational force. C = 0.42 mC is the magnitude charge should be placed on a penny of mass 6 g so that the electric force balances the weight of the penny near Earth's surface.
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during the game, a player flies above a ring and drops a ball through from a height of 20 m. f the ball takes 7.0 seconds to fall, find the acceleration due to graviit
The acceleration due to gravity is 0.8 m/s^2.
What is an explain acceleration?Acceleration: the rate at which the speed and direction of a moving object vary over time. A point or object going straight ahead is accelerated when it accelerates or decelerates. Even if the speed is constant, motion on a circle accelerates because the direction is always shifting.
What is the SI unit for acceleration?In physics, acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes in relation to time. According to Newton's Second Law, the sum of all forces acting on an item results in its acceleration. Meter per second squared (m s2) is the unit of acceleration used in the SI system.
The motion of an object in free fall is a uniformly accelerated motion,
[tex]s=ut+\frac{1}{2} gt^2[/tex]
s is the vertical displacement
u is the initial velocity
t is the time of flight
g is the acceleration of gravity
For the ball dropped,
s = 20 m
t = 7.0 s
u = 0
Now, substitute values,
[tex]20=0+\frac{1}{2} g(7.0)^2[/tex]
[tex]g=\frac{2*20}{7.0^2}[/tex]
[tex]g=0.8 m/s^2[/tex]
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the goal of condensed matter physics is to explain all the properties of matter by its electronic configuration
The study of the macroscopic characteristics of materials is known as condensed matter physics.
It attempts to predict the collective behaviours of extremely large quantities of electrons, atoms, or molecules using the well-established rules of microscopic physics.
More unusual condensed phases include the Bose-Einstein condensate found in ultracold atomic systems, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, and the superconducting phase displayed by some materials at low temperatures. Condensed matter physicists use experiments to measure different material properties and mathematical models developed by using the physical laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and other theories to understand how these phases behave.
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created when sound is formed from vibrations that cause pressure changes in the surrounding air. it is called by ___
created when sound is formed from vibrations that cause pressure changes in the surrounding air. it is called a sound wave
Sound is a mechanical wave that results from the back-and-forth vibrations of the particles of the air medium through which the sound wave is moving.
These vibrations in the air are caused by the vibration of the objects that generate the sound. If a sound wave is moving from left to right through the air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it.
The motion of the particles is parallel to the direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves in air as longitudinal waves.
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the welding process that uses flux-cored wire without the use of an external shielding gas is called
Self Shielding FCAW is the use of an outside shielding gas.
What is FCAW with self-shielding?Many advantages come with self-shielded circulation arc welding (FCAW-S), such as good weldability, metal deposition rates, and exceptional chemical and mechanical qualities.
Self-shielding wire: what is it?With self-shielding wires, there is no need for a gas cylinder because they don't need an inert gas when the arc is operating.As a result, it's a fantastic option for offshore applications or situations where mobility is crucial.
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By mass, the interstellar medium in our region of the Milky Way consists of
A) 70% Hydrogen, 30% Helium.
B) 70% Hydrogen, 28% Helium, 2% heavier elements.
C) 70% Hydrogen, 20% Helium, 10% heavier elements.
D) 50% Hydrogen, 50% Helium.
E) 50% Hydrogen, 30% Helium, 20% heavier elements.
The 70% Hydrogen, 28% Helium, 2% heavier elements. the interstellar medium in our region of the Milky Way consists of
What is interstellar?
Interstellar is a 2014 science fiction film directed, co-written, and co-produced by Christopher Nolan. The movie follows a team of astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity.
The cast includes Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, and Michael Caine. The film was a major commercial success, grossing over $677 million worldwide, and was nominated for five Academy Awards. Interstellar has been praised for its realistic depiction of space exploration, its innovative visual effects, and its emotional story.
The interstellar medium in our region of the Milky Way is composed of mostly hydrogen (about 70%) and helium (about 28%), with the remaining 2% consisting of heavier elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and dust.
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